Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure, typical pathogens, and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water

Highlights

• UV/chlorine can effectively remove VBNC pathogens, ARGs and MGEs in reclaimed water.

• Microbial community was changed with reduced diversity during UV/chlorine process.

• CRBs-carried MGEswere the predominant groups during UV/chlorine process.

• No direct co-selection strategy was shared between UV/chlorine and resistome.

Abstract

Urban wastewater contains a wide range of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are a serious concern if reusing treated wastewater. However, few studies have explored the microbial communities in reclaimed water using ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine treatment and assessed the changes of the resistome. This study investigated the occurrence of typical pathogens, ARGs, and bacterial communities in UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water samples. The numbers of culturable and viable but non-culturable pathogens were effectively reduced to 0 CFU/mL within 1–10 and 10–30 min after UV/chlorine treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the physicochemical indices of water quality were not affected. UV/chlorine treatment could significantly change the bacterial community structure of reclaimed water, showing a decrease in bacterial abundance and diversity. Chlorine-resistant Acinetobacter and Mycobacterium were the dominant bacterial genera (>50%) after UV/chlorine treatment. Moreover, the number of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) decreased with an increase in UV/chlorine exposure. However, eight ARGs and three MGEs were consistently detected in more than three seasons, making these major concerns because of their potential role in the persistence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that UV/chlorine treatment can potentially improve the microbiological safety of reclaimed water. And more attention should be paid to the pathogens that are both chlorine-resistant and carry MGEs because of their potential for resistance transmission.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

UV/chlorine process / Pathogen / Antibiotic resistance genes / High-throughput qPCR / Reclaimed water

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 51678551), Singapore-China Joint Research Grant Call (NRF-NSFC 3rd Joint Grant Call-Earth Science) (41861144023), National Natural Science Foundation of China-Joint Fund Project (U2005206), Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology (China) (YDZX20203502000003).

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-022-1521-z and is accessible for authorized users.

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