Influence of phosphate on deposition and detachment of TiO₂ nanoparticles in soil

Abstract

We examined influence of phosphate on transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil.

Deposition was reduced at higher pH and by adsorption of phosphate in soil.

Release was more for NPs initially deposited at higher pH.

Release was more for NPs initially deposited in the presence of phosphate.

Surface roughness and charge heterogeneity play a role in the deposition/ release.

The widespread use of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) makes inevitable their release into the soil. Phosphate is also widespread within soil, and is likely copresent with TiO₂ NPs. However, the influence of phosphate on deposition/release— and thereby on transport— of TiO₂ NPs in soil is yet to be elucidated. In this study we conducted saturated column experiments to systematically examine the transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil amended with phosphate at different ionic strengths (ISs) (1, 10, 100 mmol/L NaCl) and pHs (4 and 9). Results show that the deposition of TiO₂ NPs decreased with decreasing IS, increasing pH, and when soil absorbed phosphate. These observations are qualitatively in agreement with Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy calculations, because the repulsive energy barrier is larger and secondary minimum depth is smaller at a lower IS, higher pH, and in the presence of phosphate. Accordingly, both primary- and secondary-minimum deposition were inhibited. Interestingly, although the deposition was less at higher pH and in the presence of phosphate, the subsequent spontaneous detachment and detachment by reduction of solution IS in these cases were greater. In addition, the presence of phosphate in the solution can cause a small quantity of attached TiO₂ NPs to detach, even without perturbations of physical and chemical conditions. Our study was the first to investigate the influence of phosphate on detachment of TiO₂ NPs and the results have important implication for accurate prediction of fate and transport of TiO₂ NPs in subsurface environments.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Phosphate / TiO₂ nanoparticles / Transport / Soil / Deposition / Detachment

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