An extraction- assay system: Evaluation on flavonols in plant resistance to Pb and Cd by supercritical extraction- gas chromatography

Highlights

SFE-GC system is established for flavonols assessment.

Optimal parameters of SFE-GC are evaluated and determined.

Quercetin and kaempferol are detected in plant under heavy metal stress.

Gene expression analysis shows consistent regularity with content of flavonols.

ROS level is applied for elaborating the plant resistance status.

Abstract

In this research, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) showed better extraction effect when compared with Solid- liquid extraction (SLE), Soxhlet extraction (SE) and Ultrasonic extraction (UE), not only in the rate but also the time. The comparison among these three extraction modifiers, including acetone, ethanol and methanol demonstrated that ethanol was preferred to SFE due to its high extraction effect and low toxicology. In addition, parameter of SFE, influence of temperature and pressure were investigated, and the best extraction effect was achieved at the optima conditions, temperature of 40°C and the pressure of 35 Mpa. Thus, SFE is a highly effective method for flavonols extraction, requiring minimum energy and producing non-toxic byproduct. SFE-GC system is applied for the evaluation on flavonols that plays a key role in plant resistance to heavy metal, with its content and synthetase gene expression significantly increasing in plant when threatened by heavy metal. Besides, results indicated that flavonols can improve plant resistance to oxidative stress by quenching the redundant ROS in matrix.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Flavonols / Heavy metal / Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) / GC / Plant resistance

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to School of Life Sciences in Shandong University for their suggestions and support to improve the basic research. Special thanks are extended to Department of Plant and Microbial Biology in University of Zurich for technical support and article modification. Many thanks to CSC (Xu Zhang was Supported by China Scholarship Council for 13 months study at University of Zurich).

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