Application and mechanism of polysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha to remove nano-ZnO and humic acid in coagulation process

Abstract

Green source Ep was extracted from marine alga waste.

The molecule model structure of Ep was studied and constructed.

PAC-Ep coagulation system improves the efficiency of removal efficiency.

Synergistic effects between NPs and HA make a big difference to enhance efficiency.

Mechanism is charge neutralization, hydrogen bonding and adsorbing-complexing

Enteromorpha polysaccharide (Ep) extracted from alga a novel green coagulant aid for nanoparticles (NPs) and heavy metal ions removal and the structure of EP was intensively studied in this study. The integration of Ep with polyaluminum chloride (PAC-Ep) coagulants exhibited higher coagulation performance than that of the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) because of the negatively charged NPs suspension and humic aid (HA) solution. Significant high removal efficiencies of dissolved organic matter (94.1%), turbidity (99.3%) and Zn ions (69.3%) were achieved by the PAC-Ep coagulants. The dual-coagulation properties of PAC-Ep for different pollutants was based on multiple mechanisms, including (i) Al³⁺ charge neutralization; (ii) hydroxy aluminum hydroxyl bridging formed polynuclearhydroxy complexes bridge and sweep colloidal particles; (iii) adsorption and bridging of Ep chain for the NPs and heavy metal ions. Results indicated that the destabilization of colloid was induced by the coexisting HA and higher removal was achieved as ions adsorption was enhance in the presence of HA complexation. On the basis of that, the extraction of polysaccharide is a promising candidate for its high coagulation performance in water treatment.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Algal Extraction / Enteromorpha polysaccharide / ¹H- ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) / Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) / X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) / Coagulation mechanism.

References

[1] Sanghi R, Bhatttacharya B, Singh V. Cassia angustifolia seed gum as an effective natural coagulant for decolourisation of dye solutions. Green Chemistry, 2002, 4(3): 252–254

[2] Teh C Y, Wu T Y. The potential use of natural coagulants and flocculants in the treatment of urban waters. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2014, 39: 1603–1608

[3] Teh C Y, Budiman P M, Shak K P Y, Wu T Y. Recent advancement of coagulation–flocculation and its application in wastewater treatment. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2016, 55(16): 4363–4389

[4] Watanabe Y. Flocculation and me. Water Research, 2017, 114: 88–103

[5] Wang Y, Xue N, Chu Y, Sun Y, Yan H, Han Q. CuO nanoparticle–humic acid (CuONP–HA) composite contaminant removal by coagulation/ultrafiltration process: The application of sodium alginate as coagulant aid. Desalination, 2015, 367: 265–271

[6] Sun J, Gao B, Zhao S, Li R, Yue Q, Wang Y, Liu S. Simultaneous removal of nano-ZnO and Zn²⁺ based on transportation character of nano-ZnO by coagulation: Enteromorpha polysaccharide compound polyaluminum chloride. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2017, 24(6): 5179–5188

[7] Ganesan K, Suresh Kumar K, Subba Rao P V, Tsukui Y, Bhaskar N, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Studies on chemical composition of three species of Enteromorpha. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition, 2014, 4(3): 365–369

[8] Zhao S, Gao B, Wang Y, Yang Z. Influence of a new coagulant aid-Enteromorpha extract on coagulation performance and floc characteristics of aluminum sulfate coagulant in kaolin–humic acid solution treatment. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2013, 417: 161–169

[9] Zhao S, Gao B, Yue Q, Wang Y, Li Q, Dong H, Yan H. Study of Enteromorpha polysaccharides as a new-style coagulant aid in dye wastewater treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014, 103(0): 179–186

[10] Qi X, Mao W, Gao Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhao C, Li N, Wang C, Yan M, Lin C, Shan J. Chemical characteristic of an anticoagulant-active sulfated polysaccharide from Enteromorpha clathrata. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 90(4): 1804–1810

[11] Zhao S, Gao B, Yue Q, Sun S, Song W, Jia R. Influence of Enteromorpha polysaccharides on variation of coagulation behavior, flocs properties and membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2015, 285: 294–303

[12] Zhao Y X, Phuntsho S, Gao B Y, Huang X, Qi Q B, Yue Q Y, Wang Y, Kim J H, Shon H K. Preparation and characterization of novel polytitanium tetrachloride coagulant for water purification. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(22): 12966–12975

[13] Grosvenor A P, Kobe B A, Mcintyre N S. Examination of the oxidation of iron by oxygen using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and QUASES. Surface Science, 2004, 565(2): 151–162

[14] Zou Y, Wang X, Ai Y, Liu Y, Li J, Ji Y, Wang X. Coagulation behavior of graphene oxide on nanocrystallined Mg/Al layered double hydroxides: Batch experimental and theoretical calculation study. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(7): 3658–3667

[15] Simate G S, Iyuke S E, Ndlovu S, Heydenrych M. The heterogeneous coagulation and flocculation of brewery wastewater using carbon nanotubes. Water Research, 2012, 46(4): 1185–1197

[16] Yang S, Hu J, Chen C, Shao D, Wang X. Mutual effects of Pb(II) and humic acid adsorption on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyacrylamide composites from aqueous solutions. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(8): 3621–3627

[17] Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Marubayashi T. Effect of aluminum hydrolyte species on human enterovirus removal from water during the coagulation process. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 284: 786–793

[18] Yang Z, Yuan B, Huang X, Zhou J, Cai J, Yang H, Li A, Cheng R. Evaluation of the flocculation performance of carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamide, a novel amphoteric chemically bonded composite flocculant. Water Research, 2012, 46(1): 107–114

[19] Shobharani P, Nanishankar V H, Halami P M, Sachindra N M. Antioxidant and anticoagulant activity of polyphenol and polysaccharides from fermented Sargassum sp. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2014, 65: 542–548

[20] Lim S F, Zheng Y M, Zou S W, Chen J P. Characterization of copper adsorption onto an alginate encapsulated magnetic sorbent by a combined FT-IR, XPS, and mathematical modeling study. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(7): 2551–2556

[21] Tabarsa M, Lee S J, You S. Structural analysis of immunostimulating sulfated polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa. Carbohydrate Research, 2012, 361: 141–147

[22] Schild D, Marquardt C M, Schild D.Analysis of Th(IV)-humate by XPS. Radiochimica Acta, 2000, 88(9–11): 587–591

[23] Wang J, Li Y, Chen W, Peng J, Hu J, Chen Z, Wen T, Lu S, Chen Y, Hayat T, Ahmad B, Wang X. The rapid coagulation of graphene oxide on La-doped layered double hydroxides. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 309: 445–453

[24] Cassolato J E, Noseda M D, Pujol C A, Pellizzari F M, Damonte E B, Duarte M E. Chemical structure and antiviral activity of the sulfated heterorhamnan isolated from the green seaweed Gayralia oxysperma. Carbohydrate Research, 2008, 343(18): 3085–3095

[25] Li H, Mao W, Zhang X, Qi X, Chen Y, Chen Y, Xu J, Zhao C, Hou Y, Yang Y, Li N, Wang C. Structural characterization of an anticoagulant-active sulfated polysaccharide isolated from green alga Monostroma latissimum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, 85(2): 394–400

[26] Chen K L, Mylon S E, Elimelech M. Enhanced aggregation of alginate-coated iron oxide (hematite) nanoparticles in the presence of calcium, strontium, and barium cations. Langmuir, 2007, 23(11): 5920–5928

[27] Katsoufidou K, Yiantsios S G, Karabelas A J. Experimental study of ultrafiltration membrane fouling by sodium alginate and flux recovery by backwashing. Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 300(1–2): 137–146

[28] Gao B, Chu Y, Yue Q, Wang Y. Purification and characterization of Al13 species in coagulant polyaluminum chloride. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2009, 21(1): 18–22

[29] Martínez-Quiroz M, López-Maldonado E A, Ochoa-Terán A, Oropeza-Guzman M T, Pina-Luis G E, Zeferino-Ramírez J. Innovative uses of carbamoyl benzoic acids in coagulation-flocculation’s processes of wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 307: 981–988

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature