Degradation of Azo dye direct black BN based on adsorption and microwave-induced catalytic reaction

Abstract

The adsorption behavior of DB BN on microwave catalyst MgFe₂O₄-SiC was investigated and the effects of concentration, temperature and pH on the adsorption process were discussed in this study.

The microwave-induced catalytic degradation rate of DB BN decreased even more than ten percent after the adsorption equilibrium were attained.

The degradation intermediate products of DB BN were identified and analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS.

The proposed degradation pathways of direct black BN (DB BN) were described by combining with the microwave-induced catalytic reaction mechanism of MgFe₂O₄-SiC.

The novel microwave catalyst MgFe₂O₄-SiC was synthesized via sol-gel method, to remove azo dye Direct Black BN (DB BN) through adsorption and microwave-induced catalytic reaction. Microwave-induced catalytic degradation of DB BN, including adsorption behavior and its influencing factors of DB BN on MgFe₂O₄-SiC were investigated. According to the obtained results, it indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was suitable for the adsorption of DB BN onto MgFe₂O₄-SiC. Besides, the consequence of adsorption isotherm depicted that the adsorption of DB BN was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm, which verified that the singer layer adsorption of MgFe₂O₄-SiC was dominant than the multi-layer one. The excellent adsorption capacities of MgFe₂O₄-SiC were kept in the range of initial pH from 3 to 7. In addition, it could be concluded that the degradation rate of DB BN decreased over ten percent after the adsorption equilibrium had been attained, and the results from the result of comparative experiments manifested that the adsorption process was not conducive to the process of microwave-induced catalytic degradation. The degradation intermediates and products of DB BN were identified and determined by GC-MS and LC-MS. Furthermore, combined with the catalytic mechanism of MgFe₂O₄-SiC, the proposed degradation pathways of DB BN were the involution of microwave-induced ·OH and holes in this catalytic system the breakage of azo bond, hydroxyl substitution, hydroxyl addition, nitration reaction, deamination reaction, desorbate reaction, dehydroxy group and ring-opening reaction.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Adsorption / Microwave-induced catalytic degradation / Direct black BN / Degradation pathway

References

[1] Wang H, Zhang L, Chen Z, Hu J, Li S, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang X. Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: Design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chemical Society Reviews, 2014, 43(15): 5234–5244

[2] Chowdhury S, Balasubramanian R. Graphene/semiconductor nanocomposites (GSNs) for heterogeneous photocatalytic decolorization of wastewaters contaminated with synthetic dyes: A review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 160: 307–324

[3] Rache M L, Garcia A R, Zea H R, Silva A M T, Madeira L M, Ramirez J H. Azo-dye orange II degradation by the heterogeneous Fenton-like process using a zeolite Y-Fe catalyst-Kinetics with a model based on the Fermi’s equation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2014, 146: 192–200

[4] Chang J S, Chou C, Lin Y C, Lin P J, Ho J Y, Hu T L. Kinetic characteristics of bacterial azo-dye decolorization by Pseudomonas luteola. Water Research, 2001, 35(12): 2841–2850

[5] Saratale R G, Saratale G D, Kalyani D C, Chang J S, Govindwar S P. Enhanced decolorization and biodegradation of textile azo dye Scarlet R by using developed microbial consortium-GR. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(9): 2493–2500

[6] Han F, Kambala V S R, Srinivasan M, Rajarathnam D, Naidu R. Tailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for the degradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment: A review. Applied Catalysis a-General, 2009, 359(1–2): 25–40

[7] Engel E, Ulrich H, Vasold R, König B, Landthaler M, Süttinger R, Bäumler W. Azo pigments and a basal cell carcinoma at the thumb. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 2008, 216(1): 76–80

[8] Ahmed M A, Brick A A, Mohamed A A. An efficient adsorption of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solution on mesoporous Mg/Fe layered double hydroxide nanoparticles prepared by controlled sol-gel route. Chemosphere, 2017, 174: 280–288

[9] He Q, Ni Y, Ye S. Preparation of flowerlike BiOBr/Bi₂MoO₆ composite superstructures and the adsorption behavior to dyes. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2017, 104: 286–292

[10] Kusvuran E, Gulnaz O, Irmak S, Atanur O M, Yavuz H I, Erbatur O. Comparison of several advanced oxidation processes for the decolorization of Reactive Red 120 azo dye in aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004, 109(1-3): 85–93

[11] Pera-Titus M, Garcia-Molina V, Banos M A, Gimenez J, Esplugas S. Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes: A general review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2004, 47(4): 219–256

[12] Thostenson E T, Chou T W. Microwave processing: Fundamentals and applications.  Composites Part A—Applied Science and Manufacturing, 1999, 30(9): 1055–1071

[13] Mao D, Yu A, Ding S, Wang F, Yang S, Sun C, He H, Liu Y, Yu K. One-pot synthesis of BiOCl half-shells using microemulsion droplets as templates with highly photocatalytic performance for the degradation of ciprofloxacin. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 389: 742–750

[14] Mao D, Ding S, Meng L, Dai Y, Sun C, Yang S, He H. One-pot microemulsion-mediated synthesis of Bi-rich Bi₄O₅Br₂ with controllable morphologies and excellent visible-light photocatalytic removal of pollutants. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 207: 153–165

[15] Ding S, Mao D, Yang S, Wang F, Meng L, Han M, He H, Sun C, Xu B. Grapnene-analogue h-BN coupled Bi-rich Bi₄O₅Br₂ layered microspheres for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity and mechanism insight. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 210: 386–399

[16] He H, Yang S, Yu K, Ju Y, Sun C, Wang L. Microwave induced catalytic degradation of crystal violet in nano-nickel dioxide suspensions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 173(1–3): 393–400

[17] Zhang L, Liu X, Guo X, Su M, Xu T, Song X. Investigation on the degradation of brilliant green induced oxidation by NiFe₂O₄ under microwave irradiation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 173(3): 737–742

[18] Lai T L, Liu J Y, Yong K F, Shu Y Y, Wang C B. Microwave-enhanced catalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol over nickel oxides under low temperature. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2008, 157(2-3): 496–502

[19] Lai T L, Liu J Y, Yong K F, Shu Y Y, Wang C B. Microwave-enhanced catalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol over nickel oxides under low temperature. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 157(2-3): 496–502

[20] Lai T L, Lee C C, Wu K S, Shu Y Y, Wang C B. Microwave-enhanced catalytic degradation of phenol over nickel oxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2006, 68(3–4): 147–153

[21] Remya N, Lin J G. Current status of microwave application in wastewater treatment—A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 166(3): 797–813

[22] de la Hoz A, Díaz-Ortiz A, Moreno A. Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non-thermal microwave effects. Chemical Society Reviews, 2005, 34(2): 164–178

[23] Chen J, Xue S, Song Y, Shen M, Zhang Z, Yuan T, Tian F, Dionysiou D D. Microwave-induced carbon nanotubes catalytic degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 310: 226–234

[24] Xiao J, Fang X, Yang S, He H, Sun C. Microwave-assisted heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of high-concentration Reactive yellow 3 with CuFe₂O₄/PAC. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2015, 90(10): 1861–1868

[25] Shi W, Li Q, An S, Zhang T, Zhang L. Magnetic nanosized calcium ferrite particles for efficient degradation of crystal violet using a microwave-induced catalytic method: Insight into the degradation pathway. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2016, 91(2): 367–374

[26] Zhang L, Zhou X, Guo X, Song X, Liu X. Investigation on the degradation of acid fuchsin induced oxidation by MgFe2O4 under microwave irradiation. Journal of Molecular Catalysis a-Chemical, 2011, 335(1–2): 31–37

[27] Dong L, Qiao J, Yan L, Zheng G, Xiao F. Study on microwave combined with active carbon for treatment of azo-dye wastewater. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2010, 32(4): 34–39

[28] Fang X, Xiao J, Yang S, He H, Sun C. Investigation on microwave absorbing properties of loaded MnFe₂O₄ and degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2015, 162: 544–550

[29] Gao J, Yang S, Li N, Meng L, Wang F, He H, Sun C. Rapid degradation of azo dye Direct Black BN by magnetic MgFe₂O₄-SiC under microwave radiation. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 379: 140–149

[30] Sun T, Zhao Z, Liang Z, Liu J, Shi W, Cui F. Efficient As(III) removal by magnetic CuO-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles through photo-oxidation and adsorption under light irradiation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 495: 168–177

[31] Bulut E, Oezacar M, Sengil I A. Adsorption of malachite green onto bentonite: Equilibrium and kinetic studies and process design. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2008, 115(3): 234–246

[32] Zhang Z, Shan Y, Wang J, Ling H, Zang S, Gao W, Zhao Z, Zhang H. Investigation on the rapid degradation of congo red catalyzed by activated carbon powder under microwave irradiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 147(1-2): 325–333

[33] Wang C, Yediler A, Lienert D, Wang Z, Kettrup A. Ozonation of an azo dye C.I. Remazol Black 5 and toxicological assessment of its oxidation products. Chemosphere, 2003, 52(7): 1225–1232

[34] Quan X, Zhang Y, Chen S, Zhao Y, Yang F. Generation of hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution by microwave energy using activated carbon as catalyst and its potential in removal of persistent organic substances. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A—Chemical, 2007, 263(1–2): 216–222

[35] Zhang Z, Deng Y, Shen M, Han W, Chen Z, Xu D, Ji X. Investigation on rapid degradation of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) under microwave irradiation in the presence of modified activated carbon powder with ferreous sulfate. Desalination, 2009, 249(3): 1022–1029

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany