Challenge of biodiesel production from sewage sludge catalyzed by KOH, KOH/activated carbon, and KOH/CaO
Xuemin Wu, Fenfen Zhu, Juanjuan Qi, Luyao Zhao, Fawei Yan, Chenghui Li
Challenge of biodiesel production from sewage sludge catalyzed by KOH, KOH/activated carbon, and KOH/CaO
The preparation reactions were catalyzed by base solid catalysts.
The preparation reactions were catalyzed by two loaded catalysts and KOH.
KOH/activated carbon was a better catalyst for biodiesel production.
The considerable compounds content, abundance, and low costs involved has led to the proposal to use sewage sludge as raw material for biodiesel production. The transesterification reaction is catalyzed using an acid catalyst instead of base catalysts because of the high free fatty acid concentration. However, the use of a base catalyst, particularly a solid base catalyst, has certain advantages, including faster reaction speed and easier separation. In this study, we utilize in situ transesterification by base catalyst (KOH, KOH/activated carbon (AC) and KOH/CaO) with sewage sludge as raw material. Many conditions have been tested to increase biodiesel yield through single-factor tests, including mass fraction and catalyst dosage. Preliminary experiments have optimized reaction time and temperature. However, the three catalysts did not work better than H2SO4, which had a maximum yield of 4.6% (dry sewage sludge base) considering the purity by KOH, KOH/CaO, and KOH/AC. The features of the catalyst were analyzed using XRD, BET and SEM. As to BET of KOH/AC and the good spiculate formation of KOH crystal appears to be essential to its function. As for KOH/CaO, the formation of K2O and absorption points is likely essential.
Biodiesel / Sewage sludge / Base catalyst / In situ transesterification
[1] |
Yan S, Kim M, Salley S O, Ng K Y S. Oil transesterification over calcium oxides modified with lanthanum. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2009, 360(2): 163–170
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Knothe G. Introduction. In: Knothe G, Krahl J, Gerpen J V, eds. Biodiesel Handbook. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 2005, 1–3
|
[3] |
Vyas A P, Verma J L, Subrahmanyam N. A review on FAME production processes. Fuel, 2010, 89(1): 1–9
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Siddiquee M N, Rohani N J. Lipid extraction and biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludges: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(2): 1067–1072
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Xue F, Zhang X, Luo H, Tan T. A new method for preparing raw material for biodiesel production. Process Biochemistry, 2006, 41(7): 1699–1702
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Haas M J, Scott K M, Foglia T A, Marmer W N. The general applicability of in situ transesterification for the production of fatty acid esters from a variety of feedstocks. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2007, 84(10): 963–970
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
Revellame E, Hernandez R, French W, Holmes W A E, Alley E. Biodiesel from activated sludge through in situ transesterification. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2010, 85(5): 614–620
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
Liu B, Zhao Z. Biodiesel production by direct methanolysis of oleaginous microbial biomass. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2007, 82(8): 775–780
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
Jardé E, Mansuy L, Faure P. Organic markers in the lipidic fraction of sewage sludges. Water Research, 2005, 39(7): 1215–1232
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[10] |
Wright D A. Activated Sludge MOP OM-9. 2nd ed. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Federation, 2002
|
[11] |
Xu G, Zhang B, Liu S, Yue J. Study on immobilized lipase catalyzed transesterification reaction of tung oil. Agricultural Sciences in China, 2006, 5(11): 859–864
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Haas M J, Foglia T A. Biodiesel production. In: Biodiesel Handbook. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press, 2005, 42–61
|
[13] |
Mondala A, Liang K, Toghiani H, Hernandez R, French T. Biodiesel production by in situ transesterification of municipal primary and secondary sludges. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(3): 1203–1210
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Charoenchaitrakool M, Thienmethangkoon J. Statistical optimization for biodiesel production from waste frying oil through two-step catalyzed process. Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, 92(1): 112–118
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Jena P C, Raheman H, Prasanna Kumar G V, Machavaram R. Biodiesel production from mixture of mahua and simarouba oils with high free fatty acids. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2010, 34(8): 1108–1116
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Nakpong P, Wootthikanokkhan S. High free fatty acid coconut oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in Thailand. Renewable Energy, 2010, 35(8): 1682–1687
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Yang Y N, Li H. Recovering humic substances from the dewatering effluent of thermally treated sludge and its performance as an organic fertilizer. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016, 10(3): 578–584
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Dufreche S, Hernandez R, French T, Sparks D, Zappi M, Alley E. Extraction of lipids from municipal wastewater plant microorganisms for production of biodiesel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2007, 84(2): 181–187
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
Boocock D G B, Konar S K, Leung A, Ly L D. Fuels and chemicals from sewage sludge: 1.The solvent extraction and composition of a lipid from raw sewage sludge. Fuel, 1992, 71(11): 1283–1289
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Qi J, Zhu F, Wei X, Zhao L, Xiong Y, Wu X. In situ transesterification of sewage sludge from A2/O and MBR processes for biodiesel production. Waste Management, 2016, 49(4): 212–220
|
[21] |
Pastore C, Lopez A, Lotito V, Mascolo G. Biodiesel from dewatered wastewater sludge: a two-step process for a more advantageous production. Chemosphere, 2013, 92(6): 667–673
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Nuithitikul K, Prasitturattanachai W. Activity of sulfated aluminium-tin mixed oxides for the esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil. International Journal of Green Energy, 2014, 11(10): 1097–1106
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Islam A, Taufiq-Yap Y H, Chu C M, Chan E S, Ravindra P. Studies on design of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2013, 91(1–2): 131–144
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Juan J C, Kartika D A, Wu T Y, Hin T Y. Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil by catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: an overview. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102(2): 452–460
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[25] |
El-Mashad H M, Zhang R, Avena-Bustillos R J. A two-step process for biodiesel production from salmon oil. Biosystems Engineering, 2008, 99(2): 220–227
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Hincapié G, Mondragón F, López D. Conventional and in situ transesterification of castor seed oil for biodiesel production. Fuel, 2011, 90(4): 1618–1623
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Kargbo D M. Biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludges: a review. Energy & Fuels, 2010, 24(5): 2791–2794
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Wang Y, Feng S, Bai X, Zhao J, Xia S. Scum sludge as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production from wastewater treatment plants. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 2016, 47(Pt A): 91–97
CrossRef
Pubmed
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Haas M J, Scott K M, Marmer W N, Foglia T A. In situ alkaline transesterification: an effective method for the production of fatty acid esters from vegetable oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2004, 81(1): 83–89
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Yang L, Lv P, Yuan Z, Luo W, Li H. Different catalysts loaded with KOH for catalytic and synthesis of biodiesel. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2012, 31: 91–94
|
[31] |
Babu N S, Sree R, Prasad P S, Lingaiah N. Room-temperature transesterification of edible and nonedible oils using a heterogeneous strong basic Mg/La catalyst. Energy & Fuels, 2008, 22(3): 1965–1971
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |