Impacts of landscape-level processes on the supply/demand of cultural ecosystem services in urban parks

Abstract

Urban parks provide crucial cultural ecosystem services (CESs) that enhance the well-being of residents. Landscape composition and configuration determine the supply of CESs, which in turn affects the matching of the supply and demand of the CESs. However, there is limited research on how landscape-level processes influence this supply and demand. Therefore, this study focuses on Chongqing’s central urban area using a social value model that combines questionnaire surveys and environmental variables to assess the CESs supply, whereas social media data quantify the demand for CESs. Landscape indices are used to evaluate landscape-level processes. Pearson correlation and linear fitting analyses explore the relationships between landscape indices and CESs benefits, whereas multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) further reveals the spatially differentiated impacts of landscape configuration on the relationship between the CESs supply and demand. The results indicate that 1) the supply and demand of CESs are concentrated in the western part of the city, with educational value having the lowest value index of 7, whereas entertainment and aesthetic values have higher demands (42.37% and 31.55%, respectively); 2) the western area has more diverse patch types and a lower proportion of the largest patch type, whereas the eastern area has more concentrated dominant landscapes; 3) landscape diversity and complexity positively correlate with CESs supply and demand, with Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) exhibiting the greatest impact on aesthetic value demand (correlation coefficient = 0.64). In contrast, landscape aggregation and dominance are negatively correlated, with the aggregation index (AI) most strongly affecting educational value supply (correlation coefficient = −0.81). These findings offer insights into enhancing the benefits of CESs, addressing service gaps, and optimizing future urban park layouts.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

cultural ecosystem services / urban parks / supply and demand assessment / impact mechanism analysis / central urban area of Chongqing

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