Ecological assessment and source identification based on chemical forms and content of heavy metals in the sediment of Baiyangdian Lake

Abstract

This study reveals the superimposing ecological risk of chemical form and total amount of heavy metals (HMs) and their source in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake, also provides important scientific basis for environmental protection and sustainable development of the Xiong’an New Area. The total amount and distribution of typical HMs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake and its peripheral rivers were analyzed. Moreover, five chemical forms (F1−F5) of HMs in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake were identified by an improved Tessier five-step method. Risk Assessment Coding Method (RAC) and mean sediment quality guideline quotient (SQG-Q) were used to assess ecological risk. In addition, the improved enrichment coefficient and statistical methods were used to identify the sources of HMs. The contents of HMs in the lake sediment is about 1 to 3 times the background values, with higher concentration in the central area and lower concentration in the northern and southern areas. The pH and organic matter concentrations were 6.99 to 7.28 and 3.98% to 5.69%, respectively. The chemical form of HM in the lake sediments is mainly in residue form. Ion-exchangeable form and carbonate bound form of Cd account for the highest proportion (19% to 42% and 17% to 25%, respectively); Pb and As have a higher proportion of iron and manganese oxidation form (21% to 51% and 15% to 31%, respectively); Cu and Zn have a higher proportion of organic bound form (11% to 39% and 8% to 25%, respectively). RAC indicates a high potential risk for Cd, Pb, and As, and the SQG-Q indicated a high ecological risk for As, Cr and Pb. The form and behavior of HMs, such as bioavailability and toxicity, are largely influenced by the physicochemical properties of the sediments. Organic matter and pH mainly affect the ion exchange form of HMs, while the total amount of HMs mainly affects the binding form and residual form of HMs with organic matter. Changes in the content and morphology of Cu, Zn, and Cd in Baiyangdian sediments are mainly influenced by inflow river, which are mainly from human industrial activities, such as wastewater discharge. There are various sources of HMs, such as Pb, which mainly comes from human life activities such as domestic waste, leaching, aquaculture, and tourism in Baiyangdian village, influenced by lead and natural environment and related to the spatial location of the lake; while the source of chromium is more complex.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

risk assessment / heavy metal / source identification / sediment / Xiong’an New Area

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