New insights into the origin of the bimodal volcanism in the middle Okinawa Trough: not a basalt-rhyolite differentiation process

Abstract

In the middle Okinawa Trough (MOT), rhyolites have been typically considered as products of crystallization differentiation of basaltic magma as a feature of bimodal volcanism. However, the evidence is insufficient. This paper compared chemical trends of volcanic rocks from the MOT with fractional crystallization simulation models and experimental results and utilized trace element modeling combined with Rayleigh fractionation calculations to re-examine fractional crystallization processes in generating rhyolites. Both qualitative and quantitative studies indicate that andesites, rather than rhyolites, originate by fractional crystallization from basalts in the MOT. Furthermore, we established two batch-melting models for the MOT rhyolites and proposed that type 1 rhyolites are produced by remelting of andesites with amphiboles in the residue, while type 2 rhyolites are derived from remelting of andesites without residual amphiboles. It is difficult to produce melts with a SiO₂ content ranging from 62% to 68% either by magmatic differentiation from basalts or by remelting of andesites, and this difficulty might help account for the compositional gap (Daly gap) for bimodal volcanism in the Okinawa Trough.

Keywords

Okinawa Trough / rhyolite / andesite / remelting / fractional crystallization

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the valuable comments and suggestions from the anonymous reviewers and editors. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2013CB429700), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41325021), Special Fund for the Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction Project (Grant No. GASI-GEOGE-02), Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA11030302), Special Fund for the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province (Grant No. ts201511061), AoShan Talents Program Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Grant No. 2015ASTP-0S17), Innovative Talent Promotion Program (Grant No. 2012RA2191), Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province (Grant No. 2013GRC31502), Scientific and Technological Innovation Project Financially Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Grant Nos. 2015ASKJ03 and 2016ASKJ13), National High Level Talent Special Support Program, CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams, and Qingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology.

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