Geochemical characteristics and metal element enrichment in crusts from seamounts of the Western Pacific
Xiaoyu ZHANG, Kechao ZHU, Yong DU, Fuyuan ZHANG, Weiyan ZHANG, Xiangwen REN, Binbin JIANG, Dasong HUANG
Geochemical characteristics and metal element enrichment in crusts from seamounts of the Western Pacific
Elemental geochemistry is an essential part of understanding mineralization mechanisms. In this paper, a data set of 544 cobalt crust samples from seamounts of the Western Pacific are used to study the enrichment characteristics of metal elements. REE normalization is utilized to reveal the origin of the crusts; effects of water depth on Co enrichment and impacts of phosphatization on mineral quality are discussed to obtain the evolution of these marine mineral deposits, which gives support to further resource assessment. Conclusions are reached as follows: 1) Elemental abundances, inter-element relationships, and shale-normalized REE patterns for phosphate-poor crusts from different locations reflect hydrogenetic origin of the crusts. EFs (enrichment coefficients) of REE exhibit exponential increase from surface sediments to phosphorite to polymetallic nodules to crusts, suggesting that the improved degree of hydrogeneous origin induces the enrichment of REE. 2) The crusts in the Western Pacific, formed through hotspot produced guyots trails, have relatively lower REE than those in the Mid-Pacific. The latter could be attributed to the peculiar submarine topography of seamounts formed by intraplate volcanism. 3) The non-phosphatized younger crust layers have 40% higher Co than the phosphatized older layers. This indicates the modification of the elemental composition in these crusts by phosphatization. A general depletion of hydroxide-dominated elements such as Co, Ni, and Mn and enrichment of P, Ca, Ba, and Sr is evident in phosphatized crusts, whereas non-phosphatized younger generation crusts are rich in terrigenous aluminosilicate detrital matter. 4) Co increases above the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) from less than 0.53% to over 0.65% in seamount regions with water depth of less than 2,500 m, suggesting the significance of the dissolution of carbonate in the sea water column to the growth and composition of crusts.
cobalt-rich crust / seamounts / Western Pacific / geochemical characteristics
[1] |
Aplin A C (1984). Rare earth element geochemistry of Central Pacific ferromanganese encrustations. Earth Planet Sci Let, 71(1): 13–22
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[2] |
Banakar V K, Galy A, Sukumaran N P, Parthiban G, Volvaiker A Y (2003). Himalayan sedimentary pulses recorded by silicate detritus within a ferromanganese crust from the Central Indian Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Let, 205(3–4): 337–348
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[3] |
Bao G (1990). Geochemistry of elements in sediments of the enrichment area of Ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 8(1):45–55
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[4] |
Bao G, Li Q (1993). Geochemistry of rare earth elements in feromanganese nodules of the South China Sea. Oceanol Limnol Sin, 24(3): 304–312
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[5] |
Bolton B R, Exon N F, Ostwald J, Kudrass H R (1988). Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts and nodules from the South Tasman Rise, southeast of Australia. Mar Geol, 84(1–2): 53–80
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[6] |
Calvert S E, Price N B (1970). Composition of manganese nodules and manganese carbonates from Loch Fyne, Scotland. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 29(3): 215–233
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[7] |
De Baar H, Schijf J, Byrne R (1991). Solution chemistry of the rare earth elements in seawater. Eur J Solid State Inorg Chem, 28: 357–373
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[8] |
De Carlo E H (1991). Paleoceanographic implications of rare earth element variability within a Fe-Mn crust from the central Pacific Ocean. Mar Geol, 98(2–4): 449–467
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[9] |
De Carlo E H, McMurthy G M, Kim K H (1987). Geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago-I. Northern survey areas. Deep-Sea Res A, Oceanogr Res Pap, 34(3): 441–467
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[10] |
De Carlo E H, McMurthy G M, Kim K H (1992). Rare-earth element geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from the Hawaiian Archipelago, central Pacific. Chem Geol, 95(3–4): 235–250
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[11] |
Dymond J, Lyle M, Finney B, Piper D Z, Murphy K, Conard R, Pisias N (1984). Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R-Control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 48(5): 931–949
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[12] |
Goldberg E D (1963). The oceans as a chemical system. The Sea, 2(3): 645–701
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[13] |
Gu S, Chen S, Wu B, Li S, Chen Y (1989). REE geochemistry in surface sediments of South China Sea. Journal of Tropical Oceanology, 8(2): 92–100
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[14] |
Halbach P (1986). Processes controlling the heavy metal distribution in Pacific ferromanganese nodules and crusts. Geol Rundsch, 75(1): 235–247
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[15] |
Halbach P, Puteanus D (1984). The influence of the carbonate dissolution rate on the growth and composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from Central Pacific seamount areas. Earth Planet Sci Let, 68(1): 73–87
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[16] |
Halbach P, Scattler C D (1989). Teichmann F. Cobalt-rich and platinum-bearing manganese crust deposits on seamounts: nature, formation and metal potential. Mar Min, 8: 23–39
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[17] |
Halbach P, Scherhag C, Hebisch U, Marchig V (1981). Geochemical and Mineralogical control of different genetic types of deep-sea nodules from the Pacific Ocean. Miner Depos, 16(1): 59–84
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[18] |
Halbach P, Segl M, Puteanus D, Mangini A (1983). Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from central Pacific seamount areas. Nature, 304(5928): 716–719
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[19] |
He G, Liang D, Song C, Zhang X, Zhu K, Wang S (2005). Determining the distribution boundary of cobalt-rich crusts of guyot by synchronous application of sub-bottom profiling and deep-sea video recording. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geoscience, 30(4): 509–512
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[20] |
Hein J, Schulz M, Kang J (1990). Insular and submarine ferromanganese mineralization of the Tonga-Lau region. Mar Min, 9(3): 305–354
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[21] |
Hein J R, Bohrson W A, Schulz M S, Nobl M, Clague D A (1992a). Variations in the fine-scale composition of a central Pacific ferromanganese crust: paleoceanographic implications. Paleoceanography, 7(1): 63–77
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[22] |
Hein J R, Koschinsky A, Halbach P, Manheim F T, Bau M, Kang J K, Lubick N (1997). Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. Manganese mineralization: geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits, 119(1):123–138
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[23] |
Hein J R, Morgan C L (1999). Influence of substrate rocks on Fe-Mn crust composition. Deep Sea Res Part I Oceanogr Res Pap, 46(5): 855–875
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[24] |
Hein J R, Schulz M S, Gein L M (1992b). Central Pacific cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: historical perspective and regional variability. Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin, 14:261–283
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[25] |
Hein J R, Schwab W C, Davis A S (1988). Cobalt-and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts and associated substrate rocks from the Marshall Islands. Mar Geol, 78(3–4): 255–283
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[26] |
Hein J R, Yeh H W, Gunn S H, Sliter W V, Benninger L M, Wang C H (1993). Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits. Paleoceanography, 8(2): 293–311
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[27] |
Hodkinson R A, Cronan D S, Varnavas S, Perissoratis C (1994). Regional geochemistry of sediments from the Hellenic Volcanic Arc in regard to submarine hydrothermal activity. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 12(2): 83–129
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[28] |
Klemm V, Reynolds B, Frank M, Pettke T, Halliday A N (2007). Cenozoic changes in atmospheric lead recorded in central Pacific ferromanganese crusts. Earth Planet Sci Let, 253(1–2): 57–66
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[29] |
Koeppenkastrop D, De Carlo E H (1992). Sorption of rare-earth elements from seawater onto synthetic mineral particles: an experimental approach. Chem Geol, 95(3–4): 251–263
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[30] |
Koeppenkastrop D, De Carlo E H (1993). Uptake of rare earth elements from solution by metal oxides. Environ Sci Technol, 27(9): 1796–1802
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[31] |
Koppers A A P, Morgan J P, Morgan J W, Staudigel H (2001). Testing the fixed hotspot hypothesis using 40Ar/39Ar age progressions along seamount trails. Earth Planet Sci Let, 185(3–4): 237–252
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[32] |
Koppers A A P, Staudigel H (2005). Asynchronous bends in Pacific Seamount Trails: a case for extensional volcanism? Science, 307(5711): 904–907
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[33] |
Koschinsky A, Halbach P (1995). Sequential leaching of marine ferromanganese precipitates: genetic implications. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 59(24): 5113–5132
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[34] |
Koschinsky A, Stascheit A, Bau M, Halbach P (1997). Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 61(19): 4079–4094
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[35] |
Lin Z, Li X, Cronan D S, Hodkinson R A (1991). Compositional variations in manganese nodules collected from the North Penrhyn Basin. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 9(4): 347–357
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[36] |
Manheim F T (1986). Marine cobalt resources. Science, 232(4750): 600–608
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[37] |
McMurtry G M, VonderHaar D L, Eisenhauer A, Mahoney J J, Yeh H W (1994). Cenozoic accumulation history of a Pacific ferromanganese crust. Earth Planet Sci Let, 125(1–4): 105–118
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[38] |
Meynadier L, Allègre C, O'Nions R K (2008). Plate tectonics, radiogenic isotopic tracers and paleoceanography: the case of the manganese crusts in the Pacific. Earth Planet Sci Let, 272(3–4): 513–522
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[39] |
Michael B (1996). Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: evidence from Y/Ho, Zr/Hf and lanthanide tetrad effect. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 123(3): 323–333
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[40] |
Mills R A, Wells D M, Roberts S (2001). Genesis of ferromanganese crusts from the TAG hydrothermal field. Chem Geol, 176(1–4): 283–293
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[41] |
Morgan W J (1972). Plate motions and deep mantle convection. Geol Soc Am, 132: 7–22
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[42] |
Murray J W (1975). The interaction of cobalt with hydrous manganese dioxide. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 39(5): 635–647
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[43] |
Neumann T, Sttiben D (1991). Detailed geochemical study and groeth history of some ferromanganese crusts from the Tuamotu Archipelago. Mar Min, 10: 29–48
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[44] |
Pichocki C, Hoffert M (1987). Characteristics of co-rich ferromanganese nodules and crusts sampled in French Polynesia. Mar Geol, 77(1–2): 109–119
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[45] |
Piper D Z (1974). Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: a summary. Chem Geol, 14(4): 285–304
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[46] |
Puteanus D, Halbach P (1988). Correlation of Co concentration and growth rate—<?Pub Caret?>A method for age determination of ferromanganese crusts. Chem Geol, 69(1–2): 73–85
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[47] |
Rosler H J, Lange H (1972). Geochemical Tables. New York: Elsevier, 468
|
[48] |
Takematsu N, Sato Y, Okabe S (1989). Factors controlling the chemical composition of marine manganese nodules and crusts: a review and synthesis. Mar Chem, 26(1): 41–56
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[49] |
Taylor S R, McLennan S M (1985). The Continental Crust: It’s Composition and Evolution. London: Blackwell, 312
|
[50] |
Wen X, De Carlo E H, Li Y H (1997). Interelement relationships in ferromanganese crusts from the central Pacific ocean: their implications for crust genesis. Mar Geol, 136(3–4): 277–297
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[51] |
Xu D, Jin Q, Lian D (1994). Polymetallic Nodules from the Central Pacific and Forming Environment. Beijing: Geology Publishing House, 370–380
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[52] |
Yao D, Zhang L, Wiltshire J, Morgan C, Cui R (1996). Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts from Johnston Island EEZ. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 16(1): 33–49
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[53] |
Zhang F (1991). Geochemistry of elements in surface sediments from the central South China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 22(3): 253–263
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[54] |
Zhang F, Yang Q, Yin R, He G, Zhang W, Wang Y (2001a). Matrial sources and distribution characteristics of Polymetallic Nodules in the Eastern Pacific. Actc Geologica Sinica, 75(4): 537–547
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[55] |
Zhang F, Zhang W, Zhu K, Gao S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhu B (2008b). Distribution characteristics of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust resources on submarine seamounts in the western Pacific. Acta Geol Sin, 82(4): 796–803
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[56] |
Zhang F, Zhang W, Zhu K, Hu G, Yin R, Cheng Y (2008a). Parameter and index for delineation and evaluation of co-rich crust resources. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geoscience, 33(2): 251–258
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[57] |
Zhang G, Sun H, Li C, Ye Z (1991). A mineralogical study of green grains in the Yangze river mouth area. Actr Mineralogical Sinica, 11(1): 39–44
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[58] |
Zhang H, Zhao P, Chen S, Hu G (2001b). Mineralizing characteristics of cobalt-rich ferromanganese nodule and crust in Central Pacific Ocean seamount. Earth Science–Journal of China University of Geosciences, 26(2): 205–209
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[59] |
Zhang S, Chen C (1991). Study on the proportion of magnesium content in sediment cores in the central Pacific Ocean. Acta Oceanologia Sinica, 13(1): 114–120
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[60] |
Zhang Z, Du Y, Gao L, Zhang Y, Shi G, Liu C, Zhang P, Duan X (2012). Enrichment of REEs in polymetallic nodules and crusts and its potential for exploitation. J Rare Earths, 30(6): 621–626
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
[61] |
Zhang Z, Yang L, Teng J, Badal J (2011). An overview of the earth crust under China. Earth Sci Rev, 104(1–3): 143–166
CrossRef
Google scholar
|
/
〈 | 〉 |