Vanadium–titanium catalysts in oxidative catalysis: from surface structures to reaction mechanisms and applications

Abstract

Vanadium–titanium (V–Ti) catalysts, featuring high activity, selectivity, thermal stability, and sulfur resistance, play a pivotal role in typical oxidation reactions, including aromatic selective oxidation, selective catalytic reduction, volatile organic compounds abatement, and oxidation of sulfur-containing species. This review focuses on the fundamental structures and chemical properties of V–Ti catalysts, highlighting the regulatory roles of catalyst composition, interfacial microstructure, and preparation methods in governing catalytic performance. Modification strategies, including crystal facet/phase engineering, morphology control, elemental doping, and defect construction, are systematically discussed with respect to their underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the recent advances in the application of V–Ti catalysts in selective and deep oxidation reactions relevant to industrial oxidation processes are summarized, with emphasis on the corresponding catalytic mechanisms. Finally, future perspectives are proposed, emphasizing the design of efficient, stable, and environmentally benign catalysts, coupled with advanced characterization techniques to deepen mechanistic understanding and promote their industrial applications in industrial catalysis, fine chemicals, and environmental remediation.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

vanadium–titanium catalysts / regulation strategies / selective oxidation / environmental oxidation

References

[1] Guo Y , Peng L Q , Tian J P , Mauzerall D L . Deploying green hydrogen to decarbonize China’s coal chemical sector. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 8104

[2] Deng J , Lang W K , Ouyang J Y , Li Z S , Yuan S F . Catalytic upgrading of coal tar to produce value-added chemicals and fuels: a review on processes, catalytic mechanisms and catalysts. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 500: 157420

[3] Liu B W , Wang Z W , Zhao G F , Guo M , Su P D . Environmental impact analysis and low-carbon transition strategies for the coal chemical industry in the Yellow River Basin. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2025, 526: 146644

[4] de Munck N A , Richter O , Eberle H-J , Mestl G. . Oxidation of o-xylene and naphthalene to phthalic anhydride.. Industrial Arene Chemistry, 2023, 1153–1202

[5] Xia D T , Zhang X , Wang Y H , Feng N J , Wan H , Guan G F . Advances in the selective catalytic oxidation of nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds toward N₂: catalyst design and mechanistic insights. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2026, 562: 217924

[6] Mohammad Ebrahimi I , Nosratinia F , Rashidi A M , Ardjamand M . Direct selective oxidation of H₂S to elemental sulfur using Ni, Co, V and W doped TiO₂ nanorods. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15: 31185

[7] Lin L Y , Wang Y C , Liu Z L . Highly active and stable VO_x/TiO₂ nanosheets for low-temperature NH₃-SCR of NO: structure-directing role of support. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 484: 149637

[8] Zhang Y Y , Guan B , Zheng C Z , Zhou J F , Su T X , Guo J F , Chen J Y , Chen Y J , Zhang J H , Dang H T . et al. Research on the resistance of catalysts for selective catalytic reduction: current progresses and future perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 434: 139920

[9] Lu L T , Shen B X , Zhang C G , Zhao X L , Shi Q Q , Huang A . Effects of SO₂ on low-temperature SCR catalysts: mechanisms and strategies. Journal of the Energy Institute, 2025, 123: 102292

[10] Yuan X , Wang Y , Zhu X , Zhou B , Song Z J , Chen Z , Peng Y , Si W Z , Li J H . Promoting C–Cl bond activation via a preoccupied anchoring strategy on vanadia-based catalysts for multi-pollutant control of NO_x and chlorinated aromatics. Environmental Science & Technology, 2024, 58(37): 16357–16367

[11] Wang S , Liu J , Jin Z S , Guo S Q , Cheng D H , Deng J , Zhang D S. . Gas-phase regeneration of metal-poisoned V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ NH₃–SCR catalysts via a masking and reconstruction strategy.. Environmental Science & Technology, 2024,

[12] Zhao S L , Peng J L , Ge R Q , Yang K B , Wu S Y , Qian Y X , Xu T L , Gao J J , Chen Y J , Sun Z Q . Poisoning and regeneration of commercial V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst in coal-fired power plants. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2022, 168: 971–992

[13] Nellessen A , Schaefer A , Martinelli A , Raj A , Newman A , Carlsson P A . Impact of vanadium loading and thermal aging on the surface properties of titania-supported vanadium oxide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2024, 128(7): 2894–2908

[14] Tella E , Trimpalis A , Tsevis A , Kordulis C , Lycourghiotis A , Boghosian S , Bourikas K . Advanced synthesis and characterization of vanadia/titania catalysts through a molecular approach. Catalysts, 2021, 11(3): 322

[15] Lagostina V , Romeo E , Maria Ferrari A , Maurino V , Chiesa M . Monomeric (VO₂⁺) and dimeric mixed valence (V₂O₃³⁺) vanadium species at the surface of shape controlled TiO₂ anatase nano crystals. Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 406: 28–38

[16] Yun D M , Jaegers N R , Hu J Z , Hucal A M , Herrera J E , Wang Y . Surface anchoring requirements for vanadia clusters on titanium oxide surfaces and their impact on activity for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol. Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 437: 115642

[17] Ganjkhanlou Y , Janssens T V W , Vennestrøm P N R , Mino L , Paganini M C , Signorile M , Bordiga S , Berlier G . Location and activity of VO_x species on TiO₂ particles for NH₃-SCR catalysis. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2020, 278: 119337

[18] Shen J , Hess C . High surface area VO_x/TiO₂/SBA-15 model catalysts for ammonia SCR prepared by atomic layer deposition. Catalysts, 2020, 10(12): 1386

[19] Won J M , Kim M S , Hong S C . The cause of deactivation of VO_x/TiO₂ catalyst by thermal effect and the role of tungsten addition. Chemical Engineering Science, 2021, 229: 116068

[20] Ghorbanloo M , Bikas R , Jafari S , Krawczyk M S , LIS T . Synthesis, structural characterization and catalytic potential of oxidovanadium (IV) and dioxidovanadium (V) complexes with thiazole-derived NNN-donor ligand. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018, 71(10): 1510–1525

[21] Sun X , Li F , Wang Z M , An H L , Xue W , Zhao X Q , Wang Y J . Efficient formic acid dehydrogenation on AuPd/N-TiO₂: the role of N dopant and the effect of TiO₂ crystalline phase. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 475: 146143

[22] Wellmann A , Grazia L , Bermejo-Deval R , Sanchez-Sanchez M , Lercher J A . Effect of promoters on o-xylene oxidation pathways reveals nature of selective sites on TiO₂ supported vanadia. Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 408: 330–338

[23] Liu Z , University G , Yuan J , University G , Chen L , University T , Wang C , University T , Bai X H , University T . et al. Crystal phase-dependent opposite catalytic performance for toluene and chlorobenzene oxidation in simultaneous elimination of NO_x and VOCs over V₂O₅/TiO₂Catalysts. Environmental Science & Technology, 2026, 60(9): 7578–7588

[24] Vejux A , Courtine P . Interfacial reactions between V₂O₅ and TiO₂ (anatase): role of the structural properties. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 1978, 23(1/2): 93–103

[25] Khan H , Shah M U H . Modification strategies of TiO₂ based photocatalysts for enhanced visible light activity and energy storage ability: a review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11(6): 111532

[26] Wang Z Q , Wen B , Hao Q Q , Liu L M , Zhou C Y , Mao X C , Lang X F , Yin W J , Dai D X , Selloni A . et al. Localized excitation of Ti³⁺ ions in the photoabsorption and photocatalytic activity of reduced rutile TiO₂. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(28): 9146–9152

[27] Haggerty J E S , Schelhas L T , Kitchaev D A , Mangum J S , Garten L M , Sun W H , Stone K H , Perkins J D , Toney M F , Ceder G . et al. High-fraction brookite films from amorphous precursors. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 15232

[28] Zabilska A , Clark A H , Moskowitz B M , Wachs I E , Kakiuchi Y , Copéret C , Nachtegaal M , Kröcher O , Safonova O V . Redox dynamics of active VO_x sites promoted by TiO_x during oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol detected by operando quick XAS. JACS Au, 2022, 2(3): 762–776

[29] Mason M M , Lee Z R , Vasiliu M , Wachs I E , Dixon D A . Initial steps in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ by TiO₂-supported vanadium oxides. ACS Catalysis, 2020, 10(23): 13918–13931

[30] Lv Z H , He G Z , Zhang W S , Liu J J , Lian Z H , Yang Y , Yan Z D , Xu G Y , Shan W P , Yu Y B . et al. Interface sites on vanadia-based catalysts are highly active for NO_x removal under realistic conditions. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2024, 136: 523–536

[31] Yu Y , Li F F , Han X H , Long S H , Shi S S , Xu L , Liu G J . High-performance metal oxide-modified V/TiO₂ catalysts for selective oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene to 2-naphthaldehyde: an experimental and theoretical study. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2021, 60(8): 3435–3451

[32] Yu H , Mao S J , Lu B , Wang H , Zhang X , Qi M H , Gao R L , Wang Y . Optimizing selectivity in VO_x/TiO₂ catalysts for ammoxidation: insights from structure-performance relationships. ACS Catalysis, 2024, 14(11): 8720–8729

[33] Worrad A , Khan S A , Vlachos D G , Caratzoulas S . Structure, stability, and activity of titania-supported VO_x in the presence of oxygen vacancies and adsorbed water or atomic oxygen. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2024, 128(44): 18933–18941

[34] Yu Y K , Meng X R , Chen J S , Wang J X , Chen Y T . New insight into the effect of potassium on commercial SCR catalyst: promotion of thermal stability. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2015, 226(12): 410

[35] Doronkin D E , Benzi F , Zheng L , Sharapa D I , Amidani L , Studt F , Roesky P W , Casapu M , Deutschmann O , Grunwaldt J D . NH₃-SCR over V-W/TiO₂ investigated by operando X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123(23): 14338–14349

[36] Nannuzzi C , Mino L , Bordiga S , Pedersen A H , Houghton J M , Vennestrøm P N R , Janssens T V W , Berlier G . Optimization of high surface area VO_x/TiO₂ catalysts for low-temperature NH₃-SCR for NO_x abatement. Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 421: 228–239

[37] Lee G , Ye B , Kim W G , Jung J I , Park K Y , Jeong B , Kim H D , Kim T . V₂O₅-WO₃ catalysts treated with titanium isopropoxide using a one-step co-precipitation method for selective catalytic reduction with NH₃. Catalysis Today, 2023, 411/412: 113924

[38] Zhou L L , Tan C S , Jiang H C , Qu Y C , Zhang Y , Zhang Y Z , Yun J . Enhanced chlorobenzene oxidation over V–TiO₂ catalysts through enhancing V₂O₅–TiO₂ interaction. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2026, 161: 394–403

[39] Hwang K H , Park N , Lee H , Lee K M , Jeon S W , Kim H S , Lee Y , Kim T J , Lee W B , Kim D H . Mechanochemical localization of vanadia on titania to prepare a highly sulfur-resistant catalyst for low-temperature NH₃-SCR. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 324: 122290

[40] Miao L F , Wu X L , Ji Z L , Zhao Z , Chang C , Liu Z , Chen F . Microwave-assisted preparation of porous fibrous ceramic-based catalytic filter elements for the simultaneous removal of NO and dust from high-temperature gases. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 278: 119549

[41] Yin Y , Luo B C , Li K Z , Moskowitz B M , Mosevitzky LIS B , Wachs I E , Zhu M H , Sun Y , Zhu T L , Li X . Plasma-assisted manipulation of vanadia nanoclusters for efficient selective catalytic reduction of NO_x. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3592

[42] Yuan X , Shao S , Chen Z , Peng Y , You X , Li J . D_xz–p_yOrbital interaction mediated by lattice-strain engineering for the selective catalytic reduction of NH₃. ACS Catalysis, 2026, 16(6): 5884–5895

[43] Xu X S , Lyu F Y , Chen J H , Zeng Y Q , Zhong Z X , Zhang F , Xing W H . Construction of V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ nanocones catalyst layer on SiC ceramic membrane for efficient removal of NO and dust. Separation and Purification Technology, 2023, 323: 124394

[44] Vakros J . The influence of preparation method on the physicochemical characteristics and catalytic activity of Co/TiO₂ catalysts. Catalysts, 2020, 10(1): 88

[45] He Y Y , Ford M E , Zhu M H , Liu Q C , Tumuluri U , Wu Z L , Wachs I E . Influence of catalyst synthesis method on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH₃ with V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 193: 141–150

[46] Ruff P , Schumacher L , Rogg S , Hess C . Atomic layer deposition-assisted synthesis of embedded vanadia catalysts. ACS Catalysis, 2019, 9(7): 6349–6361

[47] Lee H S , Yang J H , Lee H J , Lee H , Jeon S C . Integrated sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesis of V₂O₅-TiO₂ nanocatalysts for enhanced catalytic removal of H₂S. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 329: 129791

[48] Zhang S Z , Huang J , Yang Y , Li Y C , Wang B , Wang Y J , Deng S B , Yu G . Rapid mechanochemical synthesis of VO_x/TiO₂ as highly active catalyst for HCB removal. Chemosphere, 2015, 141: 197–204

[49] Lian Z H , Zheng M J , Wang Q , Li Y J , Deng F , Shan W P , He H . Water in the ball-milling process affects the dispersion of vanadia species on V₂O₅/TiO₂catalysts for NH₃-SCR. New Journal of Chemistry, 2023, 47(3): 1027–1030

[50] Predoana L , Stanciu I , Anastasescu M , Calderon-Moreno J M , Stoica M , Preda S , Gartner M , Zaharescu M . Structure and properties of the V-doped TiO₂ thin films obtained by sol-gel and microwave-assisted sol-gel method. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2016, 78(3): 589–599

[51] Zhuang G X , Chen Y W , Zhuang Z Y , Yu Y , Yu J G . Oxygen vacancies in metal oxides: recent progress towards advanced catalyst design. Science China Materials, 2020, 63(11): 2089–2118

[52] Lian Z H , Li Y J , Shan W P , He H . Recent progress on improving low-temperature activity of vanadia-based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with ammonia. Catalysts, 2020, 10(12): 1421

[53] Meng F Y , Lai Y J , Cheng Z T , Ding Y , Sun M J , Zhang S L , Zhong Q . Distinguishing the roles of anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals with{101}, {010}or{001}facets catalyzed O₃/H₂O₂ for low-temperature NO oxidation. Molecular Catalysis, 2023, 549: 113513

[54] Junkaew A , Ehara M , Huang L , Namuangruk S . Facet-dependent catalytic activity of anatase TiO₂ for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃: a dispersion-corrected density functional theory study. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2021, 623: 118250

[55] Fan Z H , Jin X , Feng Y , Wu D D , Liu Y , He H , Gu C . Air-exposed nano-TiO₂ for rapid and sustainable hydrolysis of gaseous phthalate ester: the remarkable facet and humidity effects. Environmental Science & Technology, 2025, 59(41): 22039–22049

[56] Liu X S , Chen H F , Wu X D , Cao L , Jiang P , Yu Q F , Ma Y . Effects of SiO₂ modification on the hydrothermal stability of the V₂O₅/WO₃-TiO₂NH₃-SCR catalyst: TiO₂ structure and vanadia species. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2019, 9(14): 3711–3720

[57] Zhang S L , Zhong Q , Wang Y N . Effect of rutile phase on V₂O₅ supported over TiO₂ mixed phase for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 314: 112–118

[58] Fu H , Duan Z Y , Henkelman G . Computational study of structure and reactivity of oligomeric vanadia clusters supported on anatase and rutile TiO₂ surfaces. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2015, 119(27): 15160–15167

[59] Gao M M , Zhu L L , Ong W L , Wang J , Ho G W . Structural design of TiO₂-based photocatalyst for H₂ production and degradation applications. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2015, 5(10): 4703–4726

[60] Reghunath S , Pinheiro D , Sunaja Devi K R . A review of hierarchical nanostructures of TiO₂: advances and applications. Applied Surface Science Advances, 2021, 3: 100063

[61] Jung J , Kim W G , Kim T H , Lee M J , Ye B , Jeung B , Lee S , Kim H D . Highly dispersed V₂O₅-WO₃ in modified morphology of flower-like TiO₂ for NH₃-selective catalytic reduction over wide temperatures. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2024, 183: 77–86

[62] Qu Y C , Xu G Y , Chen C , Guo J H , Liu D J , Jia H W , Guo H N , Jia S Y , Jia J Z , Zhang Y . et al. A guideline to optimizing the performance of V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ catalysts for low-temperature SCR denitrification in industrial application. Industrial Chemistry & Materials, 2026, 4(2): 200–211

[63] Liu X , Li J H , Li X , Peng Y , Wang H , Jiang X M , Wang L W . NH₃ selective catalytic reduction of NO: a large surface TiO₂ support and its promotion of V₂O₅ dispersion on the prepared catalyst. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2016, 37(6): 878–887

[64] Youn S , Song I , Lee H , Cho S J , Kim D H . Effect of pore structure of TiO₂ on the SO₂ poisoning over V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃. Catalysis Today, 2018, 303: 19–24

[65] Sui R H , Jacobs J H , Chou N , Deering C E , Lavery C B , Marriott R A . Facile synthesis of thermally stable anatase titania with a high-surface area and tailored pore sizes. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2023, 107(2): 289–301

[66] Bian X , Wang J , Bai Y T , Li Y P , Wu W Y , Yang Y M . TiO₂-supported catalysts in low-temperature selective reduction of NO_x with NH₃: a review of recent progress. Catalysts, 2024, 14(9): 558

[67] Hasham M T M , Ay B , Kaya D , Yildiz E , Ekicibil A . Preparation of TiO₂/VO_x, TiO₂/SiO₂, and VO_x/SiO₂ nanostructures by hydrothermal methods and determination of their magnetic properties. New Journal of Chemistry, 2023, 47(7): 3312–3320

[68] Gao C , Shi J W , Fan Z Y , Gao G , Niu C M . Sulfur and water resistance of Mn-based catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO_x: a review. Catalysts, 2018, 8(1): 11

[69] Zhou H , Wang H , Yue C Y , He L J , Li H , Zhang H , Yang S , Ma T Y . Photocatalytic degradation by TiO₂-conjugated/coordination polymer heterojunction: preparation, mechanisms, and prospects. Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2024, 344: 123605

[70] He L J , Zhang L L , Zhou H , Nie Y X , Wang H , Tang B , Li H , Ma T Y , Zhang H . Boosting photocatalytic upcycling of liquid biomass into biodiesel via microenvironment modulation. Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15(5): 2403168

[71] Wang Q L , Qi X F , Wang H N , Tang M H , Lu S Y , Liu D Y , Jin J . Synergistic effect of Ce doping and phosphorylation on optimizing the low temperature NH₃-SCR activity of the spent V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst. Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy, 2025, 7(1): 73–84

[72] Xing J Y , Liu Z Y , Wu P , Wang G M , Liu H Y , Chen J J , Wang C B , Li J H . Weak MoO covalency and surface lattice oxygen activation of V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂ catalyst cause N₂O emission during NH₃-SCR process. Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2025, 379: 125716

[73] Zhao S J , Ma Y P , Qu Z , Yan N Q , Li Z , Xie J K , Chen W M . The performance of Ag doped V₂O₅–TiO₂ catalyst on the catalytic oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2014, 4(11): 4036–4044

[74] Zhao W , Zhong Q , Pan Y X , Zhang R . Systematic effects of S-doping on the activity of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst for low-temperature NH₃-SCR. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 228: 815–823

[75] Zhang S L , Zhong Q , Zhao W , Li Y T . Surface characterization studies on F-doped V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst for NO reduction with NH₃ at low-temperature. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 253: 207–216

[76] Yuan X , Peng Y , Zhu X , Song Z J , Wang Y , Si W Z , Li J . Remote polyoxometalates modulated the d/p-band center proximity in vanadia-based catalyst for simultaneous elimination of NO_x and chlorobenzene. ACS Catalysis, 2025, 15(9): 7470–7481

[77] Chen H Y , Liu Q C , Li Y , Gao J , Tan X Y , Cao Y F , Zhang J . Co-doping WO₃-MoO₃ enhances the low-temperature NH₃-SCR activity of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts. Molecular Catalysis, 2025, 582: 115171

[78] Yi X F , Wang J X , Liu Y Q , Chen Y T , Chen J S . Promotional effect of Fe and Ce co-doping on a V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst for SCR of NO_x with high K and Pb resistance. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2022, 12(13): 4169–4180

[79] Luo Y , Wu Y H . Defect engineering of nanomaterials for catalysis. Nanomaterials, 2023, 13(6): 1116

[80] Jansson I , García-García F J , Sánchez B , Suárez S . Key factors to develop hybrid photoactive materials based on mesoporous carbon/TiO₂ for removal of volatile organic compounds in air streams. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2021, 623: 118281

[81] Fei Y , Abazari R , Ren M Y , Wang X T , Zhang X T . Defect engineering in a nanoporous thulium-organic framework in catalyzing Knoevenagel condensation and chemical CO₂ fixation. Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 63(40): 18914–18923

[82] Zheng Y F , Fu K X , Yu Z H , Su Y , Han R , Liu Q L . Oxygen vacancies in a catalyst for VOCs oxidation: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic effects. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10(27): 14171–14186

[83] Guan S J , Cheng Y L , Hao L , Yoshida H , Tarashima C , Zhan T Z , Itoi T , Qiu T B , Lu Y . Oxygen vacancies induced band gap narrowing for efficient visible-light response in carbon-doped TiO₂. Scientific Reports, 2023, 13: 14105

[84] Ma X J , Tang X J , Hu Z Z , Zhen M M , Shen B X , Guo S Q , Dong F . Oxygen vacancies assist a facet effect to modulate the microstructure of TiO₂ for efficient photocatalytic O₂ activation. Nanoscale, 2023, 15(2): 768–778

[85] Li Y J . The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activity relationship of V/Ti catalysts for NH₃-SCR. New Journal of Chemistry, 2025, 49(6): 2393–2400

[86] Hao L , Yan J C , Guan S J , Cheng L J , Zhao Q , Zhu Z , Wang Y , Lu Y , Liu J Z . Oxygen vacancies in TiO₂/SnO coatings prepared by ball milling followed by calcination and their influence on the photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 2019, 466: 490–497

[87] Kwon S J , Lee J , Kwon B C , Kang D , Park N K . Sol-gel synthesized V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts for NH₃-SCR: effect of calcination temperature on performance. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2025, 42(13): 3207–3216

[88] Yan Q , Chen Y , Tang B , Wu X , Zhou H , Wang H , Li H , Lu L L , Zhang H , Yang S . et al. Precise engineering of asymmetric tri-active sites by symbiotic strategy for photocontrolled directional reforming of biomass. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2025, 64(26): e202505718

[89] Kim K W , Seok H , Son S , Park S J , Yang C , Lee D , Lee H C , Mun J , Yeom H J , Yoon M Y . et al. Low-temperature, universal synthetic route for mesoporous metal oxides by exploiting synergistic effect of thermal activation and plasma. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(18): 2470135

[90] Chen K G , Chen R Y , Cang H , Mao A R , Tang Z , Xu Q . Plasma-treated Ce/TiO₂-SiO₂ catalyst for the NH₃-SCR of NO_x. Environmental Technology, 2018, 39(14): 1753–1764

[91] Lyu F Y , Qiao J X , Xu X S , Zeng Y Q , Zhong Z X , Xing W H . Simple preparation of V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂/SiC catalytic membrane with highly efficient dust removal and NO reduction. Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 343: 127155

[92] Kumar V , Lee N , Almquist C B . An investigation of the thermal stability and performance of wet-incipient WO₃/V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts and a comparison with flame aerosol catalysts of similar composition for the gas-phase oxidation of methanol. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2006, 69(1/2): 101–114

[93] Yaemsunthorn K , Kobielusz M , Macyk W. . TiO₂ with tunable anatase-to-rutile nanoparticles ratios: how does the photoactivity depend on the phase composition and the nature of photocatalytic reaction?. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2021, 4(1): 633–643

[94] Lian Z H , Liu L , Lin C X , Shan W P , He H . Hydrothermal aging treatment activates V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts for NO_x abatement. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022, 56(13): 9744–9750

[95] Yun D M , Wang Y , Herrera J E . Ethanol partial oxidation over VO_x/TiO₂ catalysts: the role of titania surface oxygen on vanadia reoxidation in the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. ACS Catalysis, 2018, 8(5): 4681–4693

[96] Yun D M , Song Y , Herrera J E . Electronic structure changes introduced by nitrogen on the N-doped VO_x/TiO₂ system: consequences on partial oxidation catalysis. Molecular Catalysis, 2018, 448: 122–134

[97] Wang K Q , Cai R , Zhang F X , Yu Z H , Liang Z H , Wang Y H , Zhao L M , Liu Y B , Fan Y N . The dispersion state and NO_x-SCR properties of VO_x species on V₂O₅ catalysts with different preferentially exposed facets of TiO₂ supports. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2025, 15(20): 6222–6230

[98] Xu G Y , Li H , Yu Y B , He H . Dynamic change of active sites of supported vanadia catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022, 56(6): 3710–3718

[99] Lin F , Chen Y , Zhang L , Mei D H , Kovarik L , Sudduth B , Wang H M , Gao F , Wang Y . Single-facet dominant anatase TiO₂ (101) and (001) model catalysts to elucidate the active sites for alkanol dehydration. ACS Catalysis, 2020, 10(7): 4268–4279

[100] Nuguid R J G , Ferri D , Marberger A , Nachtegaal M , Kröcher O . Modulated excitation Raman spectroscopy of V₂O₅/TiO₂: mechanistic insights into the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃. ACS Catalysis, 2019, 9(8): 6814–6820

[101] Ek M , Arnarson L , Georg Moses P , Rasmussen S B , Skoglundh M , Olsson E , Helveg S . Probing surface-sensitive redox properties of VO_x/TiO₂ catalyst nanoparticles. Nanoscale, 2021, 13(15): 7266–7272

[102] Chen G D , Chen J J , Chen X P , Yin R Q , Li K Z , Li J H . Monolith or powder: improper sample pretreatment may mislead the understanding of industrial V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts operated in stationary resources. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022, 56(22): 16394–16399

[103] Oing A , von Müller E , Donat F , Müller C R . Material engineering solutions toward selective redox catalysts for chemical-looping-based olefin production schemes: a review. Energy & Fuels, 2024, 38(18): 17326–17342

[104] Richter O , Mestl G . Deactivation of commercial, high-load o-xylene feed VO_x/TiO₂ phthalic anhydride catalyst by unusual over-reduction. Catalysts, 2019, 9(5): 435

[105] Su Z A , Li X S , Si W Z , Artiglia L , Peng Y , Chen J J , Wang H L , Chen D L , Li J H . Probing the actual role and activity of oxygen vacancies in toluene catalytic oxidation: evidence from in situ XPS/NEXAFS and DFT + U Calculation. ACS Catalysis, 2023, 13(6): 3444–3455

[106] Zhang K Y , Luo N , Huang Z S , Zhao G C , Chu F , Yang R Y , Tang X L , Wang G , Gao F Y , Huang X B . Recent advances in low-temperature NH₃-SCR of NO_x over Ce-based catalysts: performance optimizations, reaction mechanisms and anti-poisoning countermeasures. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 476: 146889

[107] Ren Z X , Li A , Lei X Y , Yu Z W , Wang G Y , Zhang H L , Chen H , Wang Y , Long H M . Enhancement effect of RuO₂ doping on the reduction process of NO_x by NH₃ via V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ particle catalyst under low-temperature: structure-activity relationship and reaction mechanism. Applied Surface Science, 2023, 625: 157160

[108] Guo Y L , Wen M C , Li G Y , An T C . Recent advances in VOC elimination by catalytic oxidation technology onto various nanoparticles catalysts: a critical review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2021, 281: 119447

[109] Zhu M H , Lai J K , Tumuluri U , Wu Z L , Wachs I E . Nature of active sites and surface intermediates during SCR of NO with NH₃ by supported V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(44): 15624–15627

[110] Debecker D P , Delaigle R , Bouchmella K , Eloy P , Gaigneaux E M , Mutin P H . Total oxidation of benzene and chlorobenzene with MoO₃^– and WO₃^– promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts prepared by a nonhydrolytic sol-gel route. Catalysis Today, 2010, 157(1/2/3/4): 125–130

[111] Albonetti S , Blasioli S , Bonelli R , Mengou J E , Scirè S , Trifirò F . The role of acidity in the decomposition of 1,2-dichlorobenzene over TiO₂-based V₂O₅/WO₃ catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2008, 341(1/2): 18–25

[112] Eom H , Lee S M , Kang H , Lee Y H , Chang S W , Kim S S . Effect of VO_x surface density and structure on VO_x/TiO₂ catalysts for H₂S selective oxidation reaction. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2020, 92: 252–262

[113] Kubota H , Toyao T , Maeno Z , Inomata Y , Murayama T , Nakazawa N , Inagaki S , Kubota Y , Shimizu K I . Analogous mechanistic features of NH₃-SCR over vanadium oxide and copper zeolite catalysts. ACS Catalysis, 2021, 11(17): 11180–11192

[114] Ke D , Wang M J , Ruan J C , Chen X Z , Zhou S D . Efficient, continuous oxidation of durene to pyromellitic dianhydride mediated by a V–Ti-P ternary catalyst: the remarkable doping effect. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2023, 55: 156–164

[115] Song Z J , Peng Y , Zhao X G , Liu H , Gao C , Si W Z , Li J H . Roles of Ru on the V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst for the simultaneous purification of NO_x and chlorobenzene: a dechlorination promoter and a redox inductor. ACS Catalysis, 2022, 12(18): 11505–11517

[116] Cao J J , Ma S W , Song T . V₂O₅/TiO₂ acting as both oxygen carrier and catalyst for chemical looping oxidation of H₂S at a low temperature. Fuel, 2022, 320: 123999

[117] Ozkan U S , Cai Y P , Kumthekar M W . Investigation of the mechanism of ammonia oxidation and oxygen exchange over vanadia catalysts using N-15 and O-18 tracer studies. Journal of Catalysis, 1994, 149(2): 375–389

[118] Lai J K , Wachs I E . A perspective on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ by supported V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts. ACS Catalysis, 2018, 8(7): 6537–6551

[119] Woelk H J , Mestl G . Catalyst optimization strategy: selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 2012, 15(2): 136–139

[120] Kobayashi M , Hagi M . V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂-SiO₂-SO₄²⁻ catalysts: influence of active components and supports on activities in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH₃ and in the oxidation of SO₂. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2006, 63(1/2): 104–113

[121] Kamata H , Ueno S I , Naito T , Yukimura A . Mercury oxidation over the V₂O₅(WO₃)/TiO₂ commercial SCR catalyst. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2008, 47(21): 8136–8141

[122] Koivikko N , Laitinen T , Mouammine A , Ojala S , Keiski R . Catalytic activity studies of vanadia/silica-titania catalysts in SVOC partial oxidation to formaldehyde: focus on the catalyst composition. Catalysts, 2018, 8(2): 56

[123] Wang Z L , Liu X , Tian G , Wang Z N , Li L P , Lu F , Yu Y X , Li Z L , Wei F . et al. Research advances in coal-based syngas to aromatics technology. Clean Energy, 2025, 9(5): 159–175

[124] Huang R , Yuan X Z , Yan L J , Han L N , Bao W R , Chang L P , Liu J , Wang J C , Ok Y S . Carbon precursors in coal tar: extraction and preparation of carbon materials. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 788: 147697

[125] Marx R , Wölk H J , Mestl G , Turek T . Reaction scheme of o-xylene oxidation on vanadia catalyst. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2011, 398(1/2): 37–43

[126] Nikoofar K , Sadathosainy M . Phthalic anhydride (PA): a valuable substrate in organic transformations. RSC Advances, 2023, 13(34): 23870–23946

[127] Akbari A , Alavi S M . The effect of cesium and antimony promoters on the performance of Ti-phosphate-supported vanadium (V) oxide catalysts in selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2015, 102: 286–296

[128] Tomás R A F , Bordado J C M , Gomes J F P . p-Xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid: a literature review oriented toward process optimization and development. Chemical Reviews, 2013, 113(10): 7421–7469

[129] Zhao H , Bennici S , Shen J , Auroux A . The influence of the preparation method on the structural, acidic and redox properties of V₂O₅-TiO₂/SO₄²⁻ catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2009, 356(2): 121–128

[130] Ballarini N , Brentari A , Cavani F , Luciani S , Cortelli C , Cruzzolin F , Leanza R . A revision of the mechanism of o-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride with V/Ti/O catalysts, and the role of the promoter Cs. Catalysis Today, 2009, 142(3/4): 181–184

[131] Li K X , Su Y T , Zheng L Z , Zhang W , Niu X L , Huang Q , He B , Yan R Y , Liu R X . Synergistic multiphase evolution and interface electron transfer in dual-dimensional surface engineered V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts for highly selective durene oxidation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 538: 176716

[132] Gao X Q , Zhang F , Yu Y , Dou Y H , Xu L , Liu G J . Effect of Mo loading on 2-naphthaldehyde formation from vapor phase oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene with V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts. Catalysis Communications, 2019, 122: 47–51

[133] Yu Y , Li F F , Li X C , Liu G J , Xu L , Yang X C . Influence of support properties on selective oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene on vanadia-molybdena based catalyst. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2023, 64: 106–116

[134] Martin A , Bentrup U , Wolf G U . The effect of alkali metal promotion on vanadium-containing catalysts in the vapour phase oxidation of methyl aromatics to the corresponding aldehydes. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2002, 227(1/2): 131–142

[135] Yu Y , Li F F , Han X H , Long S H , Shi S S , Xu L , Liu G J . High-performance metal oxide-modified V/TiO₂ catalysts for selective oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene to 2-naphthaldehyde: an experimental and theoretical study. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2021, 60(8): 3435–3451

[136] Ovchinnikova E V , Andrushkevich T V , Popova G Y , Meshcheryakov V D , Chumachenko V A . Oxidation of β-picoline to nicotinic acid over V₂O₅-TiO₂ catalyst: kinetic studies and reaction mechanism. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009, 154(1/2/3): 60–68

[137] Lisicki D , Nowak K , Orlińska B . Methods to produce nicotinic acid with potential industrial applications. Materials, 2022, 15(3): 765

[138] Vorobyev P B , Saurambaeva L I , Mikhailovskaya T P . Oxidation of 3- and 4-methylpyridines on modified vanadium oxide catalysts. Russian Journal of General Chemistry, 2013, 83(5): 972–978

[139] Leverett J , Lie W H , Ali Khan M H , Ma Z P , Daiyan R , Amal R . Navigating the challenges of global NO_x emissions throughout the energy transition: state of play and outlook. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2025, 9(14): 3780–3790

[140] Yasir A T , Abounahia N , Ali H Saad M , Benamor A . An overview of membrane based NO_x removal technologies and denitrification filters. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2025, 197: 106951

[141] Li Z C , Gao M , Lv Z H , Duan R C , Shan Y L , Li H W , He G Z , He H . Uncovering the dinuclear mechanism of NO₂-involved NH₃-SCR over supported V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts. Environmental Science & Technology, 2023, 57(45): 17577–17587

[142] Inomata Y , Hata S , Mino M , Kiyonaga E , Morita K , Hikino K , Yoshida K , Kubota H , Toyao T , Shimizu K I . et al. Bulk vanadium oxide versus conventional V₂O₅/TiO₂: NH₃–SCR catalysts working at a low temperature below 150 ℃. ACS Catalysis, 2019, 9(10): 9327–9331

[143] Cha W , Le H A , Chin S , Kim M , Jung H , Yun S T , Jurng J . Enhanced low-temperature NH₃-SCR activity of a V₂O₅/TiO₂ composite prepared via chemical vapor condensation and impregnation method. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48(10): 4415–4418

[144] Xie H , Shu D B , Chen T H , Liu H B , Zou X H , Wang C , Han Z Y , Chen D . An in-situ DRIFTs study of Mn doped FeVO₄ catalyst by one-pot synthesis for low-temperature NH₃-SCR. Fuel, 2022, 309: 122108

[145] Zhao W , Zhang K , Wu L C , Wang Q , Shang D H , Zhong Q . Ti³⁺ doped V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst for efficient selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2021, 581: 76–83

[146] Li H H , Zhao W , Wu L C , Wang Q , Shang D H , Zhong Q . Boosting low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst via B-doping. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 44: 377–383

[147] Huang X M , Zhang S L , Chen H N , Zhong Q . Selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ over V₂O₅ supported on TiO₂ and Al₂O₃: a comparative study. Journal of Molecular Structure, 2015, 1098: 289–297

[148] Zhang S L , Li H Y , Zhong Q. . Promotional effect of F-doped V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst for NH₃-SCR of NO at low-temperature.. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2012, 435/436: 156–162

[149] Shi A J , Wang X Q , Yu T , Shen M Q . The effect of zirconia additive on the activity and structure stability of V₂O₅/WO₃^-TiO₂ ammonia SCR catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2011, 106(3/4): 359–369

[150] Cao J , Yao X J , Yang F M , Chen L , Fu M , Tang C J , Dong L . Improving the denitration performance and K-poisoning resistance of the V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst by Ce⁴⁺ and Zr⁴⁺ co-doping. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2019, 40(1): 95–104

[151] Wu P , Shen K , Liu Y L , Zhang Y P , Li G B , Yang H Q , Wang S . Enhanced activity and alkali metal resistance in vanadium SCR catalyst via co-modification with Mo and Sb. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2021, 11(12): 4115–4132

[152] Liu X S , Wu X D , Xu T F , Weng D , Si Z C , Ran R . Effects of silica additive on the NH₃-SCR activity and thermal stability of a V₂O₅/WO₃^-TiO₂ catalyst. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2016, 37(8): 1340–1346

[153] Guo M Y , Mosevitzky LIS B , Ford M E , Wachs I E . The effect of non-redox promoters (AlO_x, PO_x, SiO_x and ZrO_x) and surface sulfates on supported V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts in selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2022, 306: 121128

[154] Lv Z H , He G Z , Ge Y L , Liu Y C , Yu Y B , He H . Effects of WO₃ and MoO₃ loadings on vanadia-based catalysts for NH₃-SCR: revealed by in situ infrared and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Fuel, 2024, 359: 130472

[155] Lin C X , Lian Z H , Shan W P , He H . V₂O₅ supported on NbTiO: a novel NH₃-SCR catalyst with high performance induced by V-Nb-Ti interaction. Applied Surface Science, 2023, 639: 158200

[156] Putluru S S R , Schill L , Godiksen A , Poreddy R , Mossin S , Jensen A D , Fehrmann R . Promoted V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ at low temperatures. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2016, 183: 282–290

[157] Zhou J T , Gao M , Xu H M , Cai R Q , Feng R , He K , Sun J , Ho S S H , Shen Z X . Volatile organic compounds in typical coal chemical industrial park in China and their environmental and health impacts. Atmospheric Environment, 2024, 338: 120825

[158] Sun J J , Liu Y X , Deng J G , Jing L , Bao M M , Sun Q P , Li L L , Wu L K , Hao X Q , Dai H X . PdPt_y/V₂O₅-TiO₂: highly active catalysts with good moisture- and sulfur dioxide-resistant performance in toluene oxidation. Catalysts, 2022, 12(11): 1302

[159] Chai S H , Li S D , Li W M , Zheng Q Z , Wang D D , Chen Y F . Fabrication of high loading V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts derived from metal-organic framework with excellent activity for chlorobenzene decomposition. Applied Surface Science, 2022, 572: 151511

[160] Wang J , Wang X , Liu X L , Zeng J L , Guo Y Y , Zhu T Y . Kinetics and mechanism study on catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzene over V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2015, 402: 1–9

[161] Gong M X , Gong W Y , Chen Y Y , Niu K , Wang S B , Jin H J , Zuo J , Luo Y , Qian Q , Chen Q . CuO_x-V₂O₅–WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts with tuned redox-acid sites for low-temperature chlorobenzene oxidation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2025, 64(41): 19843–19854

[162] Bellifa A , Lahcene D , Tchenar Y N , Choukchou-Braham A , Bachir R , Bedrane S , Kappenstein C . Preparation and characterization of 20 wt. % V₂O₅-TiO₂ catalyst oxidation of cyclohexane. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2006, 305(1): 1–6

[163] Yang C T , Miao G , Pi Y H , Xia Q B , Wu J L , Li Z , Xiao J . Abatement of various types of VOCs by adsorption/catalytic oxidation: a review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 370: 1128–1153

[164] Wang C P , Hou X Y , Jin L J , Li J J , Gu L N , Yang L J . Review on the impact of SO₂ on VOCs oxidation: mechanisms and anti-poisoning strategies. Fuel, 2024, 359: 130450

[165] Li Z Y , Li S L , Wang X , Zhao M Z , Chen J J , Liu M , Cao Z M , Wu X Y , Guan Q Q , Zhang Q L . Strong V-O-Ti interaction over V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts enabled efficient low-temperature catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzene. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2026, 1053: 186231

[166] Li G B , Shen K , Wang L , Zhang Y P , Yang H Q , Wu P , Wang B , Zhang S L . Synergistic degradation mechanism of chlorobenzene and NO over the multi-active center catalyst: the role of NO₂, Brønsted acidic site, oxygen vacancy. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2021, 286: 119865

[167] Chan Y H , Lock S S M , Wong M K , Yiin C L , Loy A C M , Cheah K W , Chai S Y W , Li C , How B S , Chin B L F . et al. A state-of-the-art review on capture and separation of hazardous hydrogen sulfide (H₂S): recent advances, challenges and outlook. Environmental Pollution, 2022, 314: 120219

[168] Yang J H , Lee H J , Lee H S , Jeon S C , Han Y S . Precise control of heat-treatment conditions to improve the catalytic performance of V₂O₅/TiO₂ for H₂S removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 416: 125974

[169] Bineesh K V , Kim D K , Kim M I , Park D W . Selective catalytic oxidation of H₂S over V₂O₅ supported on TiO₂-pillared clay catalysts in the presence of water and ammonia. Applied Clay Science, 2011, 53(2): 204–211

[170] Broomhead W T , Yun D M , Zhang L L , Tian W , Herrera J E , Cathy Chin Y H . Catalytic consequences of vanadium-oxygen coordination on alkanol oxidative dehydrogenation. Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 453: 116553

[171] Álvarez-Hernández D , Ivanova S , Domínguez M I , Blanes J M M , Centeno M Á . V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst for catalytic glucose oxidation to formic acid in batch reactor: vanadium species nature and reaction conditions optimization. Topics in Catalysis, 2025, 68(1): 49–58

[172] Xu L , Wang C , Chang H , Wu Q , Zhang T , Li J . New Insight into SO₂ Poisoning and Regeneration of CeO₂-WO₃/TiO₂ and V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ Catalysts for Low-Temperature NH₃-SCR. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(12): 7064–7071

[173] Kim J , Min Won J , Kwan Jeong S , Yu K , Shin K , Hwang S-M . Fe-promoted V/W/TiO₂ catalysts for enhanced low-temperature denitrification efficiency. Applied Surface Science, 2022, 601: 154290

[174] Cimino S , Ferone C , Cioffi R , Perillo G , Lisi L . A case study for the deactivation and regeneration of a V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst in a tail-end SCR unit of a municipal waste incineration plant. Catalysts, 2019, 9(5): 464

[175] Cao Y J , Abazari R , Li Q P , Qian J J . Dynamic interfaces in metal–organic frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews, 2026, 55(9): 5227–5268

[176] Wang Z F , Zhang J M , Li Q M , Zhang S H , Qin A M , Qin Q P , Abazari R , Zhang X . Hierarchical acid-base-hydrogen-bond synergy in a defect-tolerant 2D lanthanide MOF for efficient CO₂-epoxide cycloaddition. ACS Materials Letters, 2026, 8(7): 1938–1943

[177] Gao Y P , Fei Y , Guo L , Abazari R , Zhang X T . Engineering fluorinated nanochannels in a robust Tb₄-cluster MOF for synergistic catalysis of CO₂ Fixation and C–C bond formation. Inorganic Chemistry, 2026, 65(8): 4818–4827

[178] Ma L W , Xi X L , Chen J P , Guo F , Yang Z J , Nie Z R . Comprehensive recovery of W, V, and Ti from spent selective reduction catalysts. Rare Metals, 2023, 42(10): 3518–3531

[179] Zhao Q , Huang Q , Duan R , Zhang Z Y , Xie Y G , Song W J , Sheng H , Zhao J C . Dynamic identification of reactive iron-oxo species in heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction via operando stopped-flow IR spectroscopy. Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 9227

[180] Suvarna M , Zou T S , Chong S H , Ge Y Z , Martín A J , Pérez-Ramírez J . Active learning streamlines development of high performance catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 5844

[181] Wen C L , Guo Y X , Yan K Z , Zhang H R . Variations in the physicochemical properties of spent honeycomb V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts from PC and CFB boilers SCR denitration systems. Fuel, 2023, 347: 128384

[182] Yin R Q , Chen J J , Shan L , Shi J Q , Yang K , Liu H , Li J H . Prominent difference in the deactivation rate and mechanism of V₂O₅/TiO₂ under H₂S or SO₂ during selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2023, 328: 122529

Rights & permissions

Higher Education Press