Advancing lithium-ion batteries through integrated health monitoring and intelligent thermal management

Abstract

The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries to operate under extreme conditions, including fast charging and wide temperature ranges, has significantly narrowed the margin between performance and safety. Under such demanding scenarios, battery failure arises from the complex coupling of electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical degradation. Critically, the phenomena of lithium plating, interfacial growth, and gas generation drive thermal instability, and also produce corresponding physical signals for early warning. However, conventional safety strategies still rely heavily on delayed external measurements, which are often insufficient to capture early internal thermal and degradation evolution. This review critically examines the emerging paradigm of deeply integrating health monitoring with thermal management. By linking fundamental degradation mechanisms to the physical origins of diagnostic signals, we evaluate emerging internal perception technologies, with a focus on advanced thermal, mechanical and gas-based sensing. We further summarize the transition of thermal management from external regulation to localized internal intervention. We then discuss how multimodal sensing signals can be fused to interpret battery states, assign risk levels, and coordinate adaptive thermal responses. Ultimately, this review outlines future directions centered on intelligent, self-regulating battery architectures, enabled by the integration of multifunctional materials, embedded sensing, and digital-twin-driven data fusion.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

lithium-ion batteries / health monitoring / thermal management / smart batteries

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