Multiscale modeling, operational, and scale-up challenges in autothermal CO₂ hydrogenation reactors

Abstract

The design and industrial application of autothermal reactors for CO₂-to-methanol synthesis are constrained by multi-scale transport, multi-stability, and scale-up challenges, which complicate both modeling and experimental studies. Virtual and Digital Twin approaches provide a pathway toward new autothermal reactors with optimized performance for CO₂-to-methanol synthesis.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

CO₂ hydrogenation / autothermal reactors / multiscale modeling / multi-stability / scale-up

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Higher Education Press