Nowadays, new energy technologies are developing rapidly, energy storage systems are widely used, and lithium-ion batteries occupy a dominant position among them. Therefore, it is also very important to ensure their performance, safety and service life through thermal management technology. In this paper, the causes of thermal runaway of lithium batteries are reviewed firstly, and three commonly used thermal management technologies, namely, air cooling, liquid cooling and phase change material cooling, are compared according to relevant literature in recent years. Air cooling technology has been widely studied because of its simple structure and low cost, but its temperature control effect is poor. Liquid cooling technology takes away heat through the circulation of liquid medium, which has a good cooling effect, but the system is relatively complex. Phase change material (PCM) cooling technology uses the high latent heat of PCM to absorb and release heat, which can effectively reduce the peak temperature of a battery and improve the temperature uniformity, but the low thermal conductivity and liquid leakage are its main problems. To sum up, lithium-ion battery thermal management technology is moving towards a more efficient, safer and cost-effective direction. Coupled cooling systems, such as those combining liquid cooling and phase change material cooling, show great potential. Future research will continue to explore new materials and technologies to meet the growing demands of society and the market for lithium-ion battery performance and safety.

To advance the understanding of the corrosion behavior of stainless steel bellows in marine atmospheric environments and enhance the precision of service life predictions, this study employs finite element simulations to investigate the pitting corrosion rates and pit morphologies of bellows peaks and troughs under varying electrolyte film thicknesses. The model incorporates localized electrochemical reactions, oxygen concentration, and homogeneous solution reactions. For improved computational accuracy, the fitted polarization curve data were directly applied as nonlinear boundary conditions on the electrode surface via interpolation functions. Simulation results reveal that the peak regions exhibit faster corrosion rates than the trough regions. With increasing electrolyte film thickness (from 10 μm to 500 μm), corrosion rates at both peaks and troughs decrease progressively，and after 120 hours of simulation, the maximum corrosion rate at the peaks declines from 0.720 mm/a to 0.130 mm/a, and at the troughs from 0.520 mm/a to 0.120 mm/a, with the disparity in corrosion rates diminishing over time. Furthermore, as corrosion progresses, pits propagate deeper into the substrate, exhibiting both vertical penetration and lateral expansion along the passive film interface, ultimately breaching the substrate. This research offers valuable insights into designing corrosion mitigation strategies for stainless steel bellows in marine environments.

In pursuit of more efficient and stable electrochemical energy storage materials, composite materials consisting of metal oxides and graphene oxide have garnered significant attention due to their unique structures and exceptional properties. Graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional material with an extremely high specific surface area and excellent conductivity, offers new possibilities for enhancing the electrochemical performance of metal oxides. In this work, we synthesized metal-organic framework (MOF) and GO composites by regulating the amount of GO, and successfully prepared composites of metal oxides supported by nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks and GO through a simple one-step calcination process. Based on the electrochemical tests, the optimal amount of GO was determined. This research will provide new insights into and directions for designing and synthesizing metal oxide and graphene oxide composite materials with an ideal electrochemical performance.

The development of highly active catalyst in pH-neutral media for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical in the field of renewable energy storage and conversion. Nevertheless, the slow kinetics of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) hinders the overall OER efficiency. Herein, we report an ionic liquid (IL) modified CoSn(OH)₆ nanocubes (denoted as CoSn(OH)₆-IL), which could be prepared through a facile strategy. The modified IL would not change the structural characteristics of CoSn(OH)₆, but could effectively regulate the local proton activity near the active sites. The CoSn(OH)₆-IL exhibited higher intrinsic OER performances than the pristine CoSn(OH)₆ in neutral media. For example, the current density of CoSn(OH)₆-IL at 1.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) was about 4 times higher than that of CoSn(OH)₆. According to the pH-dependent kinetic investigations, operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopic and chemical probe tests, and deuterium kinetic isotope effects, the interfacial layer of IL could be utilized as a proton transfer mediator to promote the proton transfer, which enhances the surface coverage of OER intermediates and reduces the activation barrier. Consequently, the sluggish OER kinetics would be efficiently accelerated. This study provides a facile and effective strategy to facilitate the PCET processes and is beneficial to guide the rational design of OER electrocatalysts.