Source, Characterization of Indoor Dust PAHs and the Health Risk on Chinese Children

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust are one of the common exposure sources for children worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore PAHs pollution status in indoor dust and estimate health risk on Chinese children with big data. Weighted average concentration was used to analyze source and characterization of PAHs in indoor dust based on peer-reviewed literature. According to specific inclusion criteria, 17 studies were included finally to analyze weighted average concentration. The national average concentration of Σ₁₆PAHs was approximately 25.696 µg/g. The highest concentration of Σ₁₆PAHs was in Shanxi (2111.667 µg/g), and the lowest was in Hong Kong (1.505 µg/g). The concentrations in Shanxi and Guangdong were higher than national level and the over standard rate was 18.18%. The concentrations of individual PAHs varied greatly across the country, and Flu in Shanxi was the highest (189.400 µg/g). The sources of PAHs varied in different regions and combustion processes played a leading role. PAHs exposure through ingestion and dermal contact was more carcinogenic than inhalation. The incremental lifetime cancer risk model indicated that children lived in Shanxi were found in the highest health risk coupled with the highest BaPE concentration (54.074 µg/g). Although PAHs concentrations of indoor dust showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2018, indoor environmental sanitation should be improved with multidisciplinary efforts. Health standard should be possibly established to minimize children exposure to PAHs in indoor dust in China.

Keywords

indoor dust / polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons / source / children / China / health risk

References

[1] ButteW, HeinzowB. Pollutants in house dust as indicators of indoor contamination. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 2002, 175: 1-46

[2] GrahamSE, McCurdyT. Developing meaningful cohorts for human exposure models. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 2004, 14(1): 23-43

[3] HwangHM, ParkEK, YoungTM, et al.. Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in indoor dust. Sci Total Environ, 2008, 404(1): 26-35

[4] LioyPJ, FreemanNC, MilletteJR. Dust: a metric for use in residential and building exposure assessment and source characterization. Environ Health Perspect, 2002, 110(10): 969-983

[5] WangBL, PangST, ZhangXL, et al.. Levels and neurodevelopmental effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled house dust of urban dwellings on preschool-aged children in Nanjing, China. Atmos Pollut Res, 2014, 5(2): 292-302

[6] GeredaJE, LeungDY, ThatayatikomA, et al.. Relation between house-dust endotoxin exposure, type 1 T-cell development, and allergen sensitisation in infants at high risk of asthma. Lancet, 2000, 355(9216): 1680-1683

[7] HanselNN, BreyssePN, McCormackMC, et al.. A longitudinal study of indoor nitrogen dioxide levels and respiratory symptoms in inner-city children with asthma. Environ Health Perspect, 2008, 116(10): 1428-1432

[8] XiangP, LiuRY, SunHJ, et al.. Molecular mechanisms of dust-induced toxicity in human corneal epithelial cells: Water and organic extract of office and house dust. Environ Int, 2016, 92–93: 348-356

[9] MaertensRM, BaileyJ, WhitePA. The mutagenic hazards of settled house dust: a review. Mutat Res, 2004, 567(2–3): 401-425

[10] MahlerBJ, MetrePC, WilsonJT, et al.. Coal-tar-based parking lot sealcoat: an unrecognized source of PAH to settled house dust. Environ Sci Technol, 2010, 44(3): 894-900

[11] DerudiM, GelosaS, SliepcevichA, et al.. Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2014, 21(6): 4320-4330

[12] ShenG, WangW, YangY, et al.. Emissions of PAHs from indoor crop residue burning in a typical rural stove: emission factors, size distributions, and gas-particle partitioning. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, 45(4): 1206-1212

[13] LvJ, ZhuL. Effect of central ventilation and air conditioner system on the concentration and health risk from airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Environ Sci (China), 2013, 25(3): 531-536

[14] HohE, HuntRN, QuintanaPJ, et al.. Environmental tobacco smoke as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled household dust. Environ Sci Technol, 2012, 46(7): 4174-4183

[15] Ontiveros-CuadrasJF, Ruiz-FernándezAC, Sanchez-CabezaJA, et al.. Recent history of persistent organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs) in sediments from a large tropical lake. J Hazard Mater, 2019, 368: 264-273

[16] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Integrated Risk Information System. http://www.epa.gov/iris

[17] MeekerJD, CooperEM, StapletonHM, et al.. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations. Environ Health Perspect, 2013, 121(5): 580-585

[18] WeiGL, LiDQ, ZhuoMN, et al.. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure. Environ Pollut, 2015, 196: 29-46

[19] U.S. EPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume I—Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part B, Development of Risk-based Preliminary Remediation Goals). 92857-01B, 1991, Washington, D. C, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response

[20] KangY, CheungKC, WongMH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different indoor dusts and their potential cytotoxicity based on two human cell lines. Environ Int, 2010, 36(6): 542-547

[21] LongY, DaiT, WuQ. Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from the Chang-Zhu-Tan Region, Hunan, China. Environ Monit Assess, 2013, 185(2): 1377-1390

[22] ShenM, LiuG, YinH, et al.. Distribution, sources and health risk of PAHs in urban air-conditioning dust from Hefei, East China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2020, 194: 110442

[23] WangW, HuangM, KangY, et al.. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban surface dust of Guangzhou, China: Status, sources and human health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ, 2011, 409(21): 4519-4527

[24] NisbetIC, LaGoyPK. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 1992, 16(3): 290-300

[25] LiuWX, DouH, WeiZC, et al.. Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of different residential coals in North China. Sci Total Environ, 2009, 407(4): 1436-1446

[26] ZhangY, GuoCS, XuJ, et al.. Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake, China: comparison of three receptor models. Water Res, 2012, 46(9): 3065-3073

[27] NaufalZ, ZhouGD, McDonaldT, et al.. Genotoxicity of organic extracts of house dust from Shanxi, China. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 2007, 70(24): 2080-2088

[28] PanSH, LinT, LiJ, et al.. Concentration and distribution of organic matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on window glass surface. Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue (Chinese), 2010, 30(8): 1021-1025

[29] CuiY, LiuM, ChenYJ, et al.. Levels and influence factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban house dust of Nanjing. Nanjing Yike Daxue Xuebao (Chinese), 2012, 32(09): 1328-1333

[30] WangW, WuF, ZhengJ, et al.. Risk assessments of PAHs and Hg exposure via settled house dust and street dust, linking with their correlations in human hair. J Hazard Mater, 2013, 263(2): 627-637

[31] WangBL, PangST, ZhangQ. Levels of common semivolatile organic compounds in settled house dust of urban dwellings. Zhongguo Gonggong Weisheng (Chinese), 2014, 30(07): 931-936

[32] YangQ, ChenH, LiB. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dusts of Guizhou, southwest of China: status, sources and potential human health risk. PLoS One, 2015, 10(2): e0118141

[33] YangZZ, LiYF, FanJ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in deposited bedroom dust collected from Xinxiang, a fast developing city in North China. Environ Monit Assess, 2015, 187(1): 4150

[34] KangY, ShaoD, LiN, et al.. Cancer risk assessment of human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via indoor and outdoor dust based on probit model. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015, 22(5): 3451-3456

[35] LiFS, HanC, ZhouBH, et al.. Distribution and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust from Anhui province, China. Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue (Chinese), 2016, 36(02): 363-369

[36] ZhouHJ, FanQY, MuRG, et al.. Characteristics and sources polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Baotou residential dust. Huanjing Huaxue (Chinese), 2017, 36(6): 1312-1319

[37] CaoZG, ZhaoLC, ShiYM, et al.. Pollution and exposure characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust in Xinxiang, China. Huanjing Huaxue (Chinese), 2017, 36(3): 463-471

[38] ZhangT, MuS, FanQH. Monitoring and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential area around a chemical enterprise. Zhongguo Huanjing Jiance (Chinese), 2019, 35(5): 79-86

[39] LiHL, LiuLY, ZhangZF, et al.. Semi-volatile organic compounds in infant homes: Levels, influence factors, partitioning, and implications for human exposure. Environ Pollut, 2019, 251: 609-618

[40] YangY, WangY, TanF, et al.. Pet hair as a potential sentinel of human exposure: Investigating partitioning and exposures from OPEs and PAHs in indoor dust, air, and pet hair from China. Sci Total Environ, 2020, 745: 140934

[41] LuoK, ZengD, KangY, et al.. Dermal bioaccessibility and absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust and its implication in risk assessment. Environ Pollut, 2020, 264: 114829

[42] HanB, DingX, BaiZ, et al.. Source analysis of particulate matter associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial city in northeastern China. J Environ Monit, 2011, 13(9): 2597-2604

[43] HwangHM, WadeTL, SericanoJL. Concentrations and source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles from Korea, Mexico, and United States. Atmos Environ, 2003, 37(16): 2259-2267

[44] Jones-OtazoHA, ClarkeJP, DiamondML, et al.. Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39(14): 5121-5130

[45] XiaZ, DuanX, QiuW, et al.. Health risk assessment on dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Taiyuan, China. Sci Total Environ, 2010, 408(22): 5331-5337

[46] KamalA, MalikRN, MartelliniT, et al.. Cancer risk evaluation of brick kiln workers exposed to dust bound PAHs in Punjab province (Pakistan). Sci Total Environ, 2014, 493: 562-570

[47] ChenSC, LiaoCM. Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. Sci Total Environ, 2006, 366(1): 112-123

[48] BarroR, RegueiroJ, LlompartM, et al.. Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air: part 1. Volatile organic compounds, carbonyl compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Chromatogr A, 2009, 1216(3): 540-566

[49] ChoiH, SpenglerJ. Source attribution of personal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture using concurrent personal, indoor, and outdoor measurements. Environ Int, 2014, 63: 173-181

[50] MumfordJL, LiX, HuF, et al.. Human exposure and dosimetry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine from Xuan Wei, China with high lung cancer mortality associated with exposure to unvented coal smoke. Carcinogenesis, 1995, 16(12): 3031-3036

[51] Oña-RualesJO, Ruiz-MoralesY, WiseSA. Identification and quantification of seven fused aromatic rings C₂₆H₁₄ peri-condensed benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar. J Chromatogr A, 2016, 1442: 83-93

[52] ChenHY, TengYG, WangJS. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the Rizhao coastal area (China) using diagnostic ratios and factor analysis with nonnegative constraints. Sci Total Environ, 2012, 414: 293-300

[53] SinghKP, MalikA, KumarR, et al.. Receptor modeling for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere. Environ Monit Assess, 2008, 136(1–3): 183-196

[54] GustafsonP, OstmanC, SällstenG. Indoor levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in homes with or without wood burning for heating. Environ Sci Technol, 2008, 42(14): 5074-5080

[55] AnsariFA, KhanAH, PatelDK, et al.. Indoor exposure to respirable particulate matter and particulate-phase PAHs in rural homes in North India. Environ Monit Assess, 2010, 170(1–4): 491-497

[56] AbbasiS, KeshavarziB. Source identification of total petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM₁₀ and street dust of a hot spot for petrochemical production: Asaluyeh County, Iran. Sustain Cities Soc, 2019, 45: 214-230

[57] ZhuLZ, LiuYJ, MatsushitaH. Pollution survey and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor air. Huanjing Kexue Xuebao (Chinese), 2001, 21(1): 64-68

[58] ZhaoZ, ZhangL, CaiY, et al.. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues in several tissues of edible fishes from the largest freshwater lake in China, Poyang Lake, and associated human health risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2014, 104: 323-331

[59] BlackK, ShalatSL, FreemanNC, et al.. Children’s mouthing and food-handling behavior in an agricultural community on the US/Mexico border. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 2005, 15(3): 244-251