Failure to inactivate CDK activity is responsible for the enhanced apoptotic response in U937 cells mediated by silencing ATM gene

Abstract

Silencing ATM gene gave rise to enhanced apoptotic response to irradiation and irradiation-like chemotherapy agents, this paper explored the crucial identities of the molecular elements responsible for the enhanced apoptotic response in U937 cells mediated by silencing ATM gene. Two U937 cell mutants named U937-ASPI3K (ATM, negative) and U937-pZeosv2(+) (ATM, wild-type) were used as a cell model system to identify the critical molecule(s) responsible for the varied apoptotic response in the absence or presence of ATM gene. Apoptosis was examined by measuring concentrations of free nucleosome in U937 cells. Western blot was employed to measure nuclear protein abundance of CDC25A, CDC25B, CDC25C, total p34cdc2, p34cdc2 (Thr 161) or p34cdc2 (Thr 14, Tyr 15). RT-PCR was used to estimate CDC25 transcript levels. U937-ASPI3K exhibited an enhanced apoptotic response to lower dosage of irradiation, which could not be blocked by protein synthesis inhibitor. Protein serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor or cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, on the other hand, abolished the enhancement indicated that protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation modification and CDK activity are required for the enhanced apoptotic response in the absence of ATM gene. Upon irradiation, p34cdc2 in U937-pZeosv2 (+) was maintained in an inactive state by phosphorylation on threonine 14 (Thr 14) and tyrosine 15 (Tyr 15), which was associated with a dramatic decrease of nuclear CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C proteins. In contrast, p34cdc2 in U937-ASPI3K maintained in an active state by dephosphorylation on threonine 14 (Thr 14) and tyrosine 15 (Tyr 15), which was associated with constant nuclear CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C protein abundance before and after irradiation. The responsive decrease of nuclear CDC25 proteins occurred at the post-transcription level. Silencing ATM gene blocks the responsive decrease of nuclear CDC25 proteins, which is responsible for failure to inactivate p34cdc2 after irradiation. Active p34cdc2 and CDK2, in turn, acts as the death executors to trigger apoptosis. In summary, aberrantly activated CDK activity is the critical molecular mechanism central to enhanced apoptotic responses in the absence of ATM gene.

Keywords

apoptosis / cyclin-dependent kinase / p34cdc2 / oligonucleotide, antisense, ATM / CDC25

References

[1] O'ConnorP M, FanS. DNA damage checkpoints: implications for cancer therapy. Prog Cell Cycle Res, 2002, 2: 165-165

[2] ShapiroG I, HarperJ W. Anticancer drug targets: cell cycle and checkpoint control. J Clinical Invest, 1999, 104: 1645-1645

[3] MorgenSE, LovlyC, PanditaT K, et al.. Fragments of ATM which have dominant-negative or complementing activity. Mol Cell Biol, 1997, 17: 2020-2020

[4] ZhouJ, LiuW L, TangY, et al.. Multiple defects of cell cycle checkpoints in U937-ASPI3K, an U937 cell mutant stably expressing anti-sense ATM gene cDNA. J Tongji Med Univ, 2000, 20: 89-89

[5] Lopez-GironaA, FurnariB, MondesertO, et al.. Nuclear localization of Cdc25 is regulated by DNA damage and a 14-3-3 protein. Nature, 1999, 397: 172-172