This paper studies the optimal investment problem with an option compensation scheme under rank-dependent expected utilities. Due to the presence of distortion functions and a nonconcave actual utility function, the conventional optimization tools like convex optimization and dynamic programming cannot be applied to this model. To address this challenge, a solution scheme for this nonconvex optimization problem and a procedure for fully solving this problem are proposed and demonstrated. We give explicit forms of optimal policies for a hyperbolic absolute risk-averse (HARA) manager assuming typical types of distortion functions. Numerical analysis illustrates how incentive fee rates and probability distortion influence the optimal investment policies of the fund manager. We find that under a not bad performance, (1) the increase of incentives reduces the asset volatility, (2) an increasing incentive fee rate results in a decreasing probability of bankruptcy, (3) a high risk-seeking degree leads to a high return and a high bankruptcy probability, and (4) a high risk-aversion degree reduces the bankruptcy probability and the asset volatility.
| [1] |
Abdellaoui M. A genuine rank-dependent generalization of the von Neumann–Morgenstern expected utility theorem. Econometrica, 2002, 70: 717-736
|
| [2] |
Barucci E, La Bua G, Marazzina D. On relative performance, remuneration and risk taking of asset managers. Ann. Finance, 2018, 14: 517-545
|
| [3] |
Bensoussan A, Cadenillas A, Koo HK. Entrepreneurial decisions on effort and project with a nonconcave objective function. Math. Oper. Res., 2015, 40: 902-914
|
| [4] |
Berkelaar AB, Kouwenberg R, Post T. Optimal portfolio choice under loss aversion. Rev. Econ. Stat., 2004, 86: 973-987
|
| [5] |
Bi J, Jin H, Meng Q. Behavioral mean-variance portfolio selection. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 2018, 271: 644-663
|
| [6] |
Bi, X., Cui, Z., Fan, J., Yuan, L., Zhang, S.: Optimal investment problem under behavioral setting: a Lagrange duality perspective. J. Econ. Dyn. Control 156, 104751 (2023)
|
| [7] |
Bichuch M, Sturm S. Portfolio optimization under convex incentive schemes. Finance Stoch., 2014, 18: 873-915
|
| [8] |
Blanchet-Scalliet C, El Karoui N, Jeanblanc M, Martellini L. Optimal investment decisions when time-horizon is uncertain. J. Math. Econ., 2008, 44: 1100-1113
|
| [9] |
Buraschi A, Kosowski R, Sritrakul W. Incentives and endogenous risk taking: a structural view on hedge fund alphas. J. Finance, 2014, 69: 2819-2870
|
| [10] |
Carpenter JN. Does option compensation increase managerial risk appetite?. J. Finance, 2000, 55: 2311-2331
|
| [11] |
Chen A, Hieber P, Nguyen T. Constrained non-concave utility maximization: an application to life insurance contracts with guarantees. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 2019, 273: 1119-1135
|
| [12] |
Escobar-Anel M, Havrylenko Y, Zagst R. Optimal fees in hedge funds with first-loss compensation. J. Bank. Finance, 2020, 118: 105884
|
| [13] |
Goetzmann WN, Ingersoll JEJr, Ross SA. High-water marks and hedge fund management contracts. J. Finance, 2003, 58: 1685-1718
|
| [14] |
He XD, Kou S. Profit sharing in hedge funds. Math. Finance, 2018, 28: 50-81
|
| [15] |
He XD, Zhou XY. Portfolio choice via quantiles. Math. Finance Int. J. Math. Stat. Financ. Econ., 2011, 21: 203-231
|
| [16] |
He XD, Zhou XY. Hope, fear, and aspirations. Math. Finance, 2016, 26: 3-50
|
| [17] |
Herzel S, Nicolosi M. Optimal strategies with option compensation under mean reverting returns or volatilities. Comput. Manag. Sci., 2019, 16: 47-69
|
| [18] |
Hodder JE, Jackwerth JC. Incentive contracts and hedge fund management. J. Financ. Quant. Anal., 2007, 42: 811-826
|
| [19] |
Huang Z, Wang H, Wu Z. A kind of optimal investment problem under inflation and uncertain time horizon. Appl. Math. Comput., 2020, 375: 125084
|
| [20] |
Jeanblanc M, Mastrolia T, Possamaï D, Réveillac A. Utility maximization with random horizon: a BSDE approach. Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance, 2015, 18: 1550045
|
| [21] |
Jin H, Zhou XY. Behavioral portfolio selection in continuous time. Math. Finance Int. J. Math. Stat. Financ. Econ., 2008, 18: 385-426
|
| [22] |
Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 1979, 47: 263-292
|
| [23] |
Karatzas I, Shreve SEMethods of Mathematical Finance, 1998New YorkSpringer
|
| [24] |
Karatzas I, Wang H. Utility maximization with discretionary stopping. SIAM J. Control Optim., 2000, 39: 306-329
|
| [25] |
Kouwenberg R, Ziemba WT. Incentives and risk taking in hedge funds. J. Bank. Finance, 2007, 31: 3291-3310
|
| [26] |
Liang Z, Liu Y. A classification approach to general S-shaped utility optimization with principals’ constraints. SIAM J. Control Optim., 2020, 58: 3734-3762
|
| [27] |
Liang, Z., Liu, Y., Ma, M.: A unified formula of the optimal portfolio for piecewise HARA utilities. arXiv:2107.06460 (2021)
|
| [28] |
Martellini L, Urošević B. Static mean-variance analysis with uncertain time horizon. Manag. Sci., 2006, 52: 955-964
|
| [29] |
Nicolosi M, Angelini F, Herzel S. Portfolio management with benchmark related incentives under mean reverting processes. Ann. Oper. Res., 2018, 266: 373-394
|
| [30] |
Prelec D. The probability weighting function. Econometrica, 1998, 77: 497-527
|
| [31] |
Quiggin J. A theory of anticipated utility. J. Econ. Behav. Organ., 1982, 3: 323-343
|
| [32] |
Quiggin JGeneralized Expected Utility Theory: The Rank-Dependent Model, 2012DordrechtSpringer
|
| [33] |
Reichlin C. Utility maximization with a given pricing measure when the utility is not necessarily concave. Math. Financ. Econ., 2013, 7: 531-556
|
| [34] |
Schmeidler D. Subjective probability and expected utility without additivity. Econom. J. Econom. Soc., 1989, 57: 571-587
|
| [35] |
Tversky A, Fox CR. Weighing risk and uncertainty. Psychol. Rev., 1995, 102: 269-283
|
| [36] |
Tversky A, Kahneman D. Advances in prospect theory: cumulative representation of uncertainty. J. Risk Uncertain., 1992, 5: 297-323
|
| [37] |
Wang H, Wu Z. Mean-variance portfolio selection with discontinuous prices and random horizon in an incomplete market. Sci. China Inf. Sci., 2020, 63: 1-3
|
| [38] |
Xia J, Zhou XY. Arrow–Debreu equilibria for rank-dependent utilities. Math. Finance, 2016, 26: 558-588
|
| [39] |
Xu ZQ. A note on the quantile formulation. Math. Finance, 2016, 26: 589-601
|
| [40] |
Zhang S, Jin H, Zhou XY. Behavioral portfolio selection with loss control. Acta Math. Sin. Engl. Ser., 2011, 27: 255-274
|
| [41] |
Zou B. Optimal investment in hedge funds under loss aversion. Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance, 2017, 20: 1750014
|
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China(11401556)
Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province(ZK[2022] general 017)
the Research Foundation of Guizhou University of Finance and Economics(2020YJ026)
Science and Technology Planning Project of Shenzhen Municipality(201906f01050031)
Guizhou Key Laboratory of Big Data Statistical Analysis([2019]5103)
the Natural Science Research Projects of Education Department of Guizhou Province(KY[2021]015)
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature