By promoting the unbalance of regulatory systems of a healthy organism and by favoring the development of somatic comorbidities, anthropogenic ambient air pollution results in the severer clinical course of an infectious process, its more prolonged duration, and the more frequent incidence of complications, the chronic pattern of the process, and the development of multidrug resistance in disease pathogens.

Childhood morbidity is not only the most important determinant of irretrievable losses of the population due to mortality, but also is a major factor that contributes to the lower general potential of public health. The latest studies indicate that the prevalence of intrauterine infections is considerably higher than previously considered, which suggests that their etiology is represented by a broader spectrum of microorganisms. The study of the pattern of perinatal infectious pathology while examining amniotic fluid and uterine cavity contents has shown that there is a preponderance of the bacterial microflora. The results of studying the placenta suggest the high level (83%) of intrauterine rotavirus infection. The high incidence of rotavirus infection in the neonatal period may be associated with rotavirus infection during pregnancy, which substantiates the need for further investigations.

The 2000-2009 Perm Territory records show that lung abscess morbidity and mortality had no declining trends in these years. The morbidity and mortality rates ranged from 8.2 to 14.4 and from 1 to 1.5 per 100,000 population, respectively. The intra-annual trend in morbidity associated with lung abscess is characterized by its autumn-winter prevalence and coincides with that in pneumonia morbidity. 40-69-year-old unemployed males living in rural areas are a risk group for morbidity and mortality in lung abscess. The major risk factors for lung abscess morbidity in both urban and rural areas are prior pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, bronchiectatic disease, smoking, alcoholism, and work under cooling conditions. Increased lung abscess morbidity and mortality rates in the rural versus urban dwellers are due to late medical care to the rural population and to long-term domiciliary medical treatment. The prognostically poor clinical symptoms in lung abscesses are lung bleeding, bilateral lung lesions, and the presence of a pyo-destructive cavity more than 6 cm in diameter or multiple lesion foci in the lung.

The paper provides evidence for that it is essential to improve the epidemiological surveillance system for influenza and acute respiratory infections. It shows the goals and objectives of epidemiological surveillance under the present conditions. The basic directions and ways of improving the epidemiological surveillance system in Uzbekistan are presented.

Two hundred and twenty-two cases of new-onset infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis were analyzed. The authors have identified the present-day clinical and social characteristics of patients and shown their high epidemiological danger. They also defined the leading role of exogenous superinfection in the development of infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis under the present conditions.

One hundred and twenty women with obstetric and gynecological diseases, such as women with infertility (Group 1), nonpregnant ones with a history of miscarriage (Group 2), and pregnant ones with a history of habitual miscarriage (Group 3) were examined. Comparison groups comprised 150 female blood donors and 200 pregnant women with physiological pregnancy (Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic).Enzyme immunoassay was used to determine IgM and IgG HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV; as well as IgM and IgG antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, and toxoplasmosis; polymerase chain reaction was employed to identify hepatitis B (HB) virus (HBV) DNA and hepatitis C (HC) virus (HCV) RNA.No substantial differences were found in the detection of markers of HB in women with a history of obstetric and gynecological diseases (HOGD) (30.8% of cases) and in the comparison groups (34 and 31%); markers of HC were more frequently seen in women with HOGD (5.8%): 10% (50% RNA+) in Group 1, 5% (all RNA+) in Group 2, and 2 and 3% in the control groups, respectively.In the HOGD groups A, there was a large proportion of patients having IgM antibodies against CMV infection (2.5 to 5%), HSV (5%), and T. gondi (10-15%).There was a high percentage of subjects with markers of HC among women with obstetric and gynecological diseases (5.8 and 2% in the blood donors). A combination of markers of infections, such as HBV+HSV, HBV+CMV, HBV+HSV+CMV, HCV+HSV, and HCV+HSV+CMV, was found in a considerable proportion of subjects with HOGD. Among the clinical manifestations, there was a preponderance of infertility, a history of miscarriage, threatening miscarriage during current pregnancy, fetal growth retardation, and placentitis. No clinical manifestations of the study infections were observed in all the examinees so serological assays rank first to diagnose these infections.

The results of examining the water of its centralized supply sources were analyzed in the Sverdlovsk Region over 2009. Legionella DNA contamination was found to occur in 12.71±1.02% of the water samples, including that in 9.09±5.00 and 13.27±1.07% of the cold and hot water ones. Legionella DNA is most frequently detectable in the water in May-June and November-December. The isolation of Legionella cultures also demonstrates similar trends. The pattern of Legionella isolated in the Sverdlovsk Region showed a preponderance of L. pneumophila serogroups 2-14 (91.3%) detectable in a quantity of 10 (23.82%) to 1000 (38.09%) CFU/l in the hot water practically in the whole year. It was established there was a weak correlation between the incidence of community-acquired pneumonias and acute respiratory diseases and the detection rate for Legionella DNA (r = 0.15; p > 0.05). At the same time, such a correlation of moderate strength does not rule out the implication of Legionella in the etiology of nosocomial pneumonias (r = 0.61; p < 0.05).

During the seventh cholera pandemic, the cyclicity of its manifestations was established, which depended on solar activity. Five cycles with a mean length of 11 years were identified. These are 1958-1969, 1970-1979, 1980-1990, 1991-2001, and 2002 to the present time (2009). The onset of each cycle is timed to the phase of the Sun maximum activity and falls on the first or second year after the year of the maximum solar activity. The emergence of a new pathogenic variant of V. cholerae is timed to the third or fourth year after the maximum. The parameters that enable the onset of a pandemic to be defined are considered.

Sixty-eight patients aged 1-3 years, with infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection, were followed up in the acute period of the disease. Cellular and humoral immunological parameters, the lymphocyte activity of NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases, the phagocytic activity, spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence of peripheral blood neutrophils were studied. Changes were found in the immunophenotypic spectrum and enzyme status of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Impairments were detected in the phagocytic activity and chemiluminescent response of neutrophils.

The paper presents the results of a study of clinical and epidemiological approaches to diagnosing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in an active natural focus of the disease in the period 1996 to 2007.

The paper summarizes the data available in the literature on the microflora of the respiratory tract in influenza and acute respiratory diseases (ARD). It describes the species-specific composition of the microflora of individual biotopes of the respiratory tract and shows the role of the microorganisms isolated from the respiratory tract mucosae in the development of bacterial complications, as well as the effects of individual topical bacterial lysates in normalizing dysbiosis occurring in influenza and ARD.

The discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a great event in medicine and microbiology. This is one of the infectious agents, which causes the most common human digestive diseases: chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer disease. Succeeding years showed that this infection was also a cause of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The prevalence of Hp infection depends on a social factor. The virulence factors of Hp, which are responsible for chemotaxis and its sequels, have been identified. Of the existing diagnostic techniques, preference is given to noninvasive methods, the urease respiration test in particular. Chronic gastric inflammation is noted to be of importance in the occurrence of ulcer disease. New information also concerns some "usefulness" of Hp infection in childhood; in this connection, caution must be exercised in the recommendations for universal prophylactic eradication therapy. Attention is drawn to the emergence of resistant Hp strains after eradication and to the overcoming of antibiotic resistance in Hp. Whether mass screening is made to clarify the prevalence of Hp infection in Russia is discussed. Important information is given on the existence of noninvasive Hp diagnostic techniques based on the evaluation of the urease activity of the bacteria, which is not practically used in the Russian health care system. Introduction of this diagnostic technique for Hp infection may solve the problem of health improvement in the Russian Federation's population.

The fascist Germany attack upon our country on June 22, 1941, immediately posed the task of preserving sanitary-and-epidemiological well-being and preventing the carrying of infectious diseases into the forces as the most important defensive one.The leaders of the Main Military-Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army could solve the complex task of providing the forces with a package of measures, which included the concentration of forces and agents for washing, disinfectant, and laundering provision of the troops in the hands of the medical services of armies, fronts, and the center, the creation of antiepidemic barriers preventing the penetration of infectious agents into both the home front and the effective troops, and the wide-spread immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases.