There are events in the annals of Russian higher medical education that will not be lost in the darkness of the past. Russian doctors will always remember and celebrate them. One of such dates is May 14 (May 1, old style), 1814, the opening day of the Medical Faculty of Kazan University.
The toxicity, anticholinesterase activity and antagonism with anticholinesterase substances of different phosphoroorganic compounds are studied. The antagonism of these drugs with anticholinesterase substances is connected with their capacity to interact reversibly with active surface of cholinesterase and to protect thic enzyme against inhibition, to show anticonvulsive activity, to -suppress liver monooxygenase system function. One of the representatives of the series — dimephosphone — has potentiated the antidote effects on atropine M-cholinoblockator and diperoxime cholinesterase reactivator and has normalized some disturbed functions of animals’ organism in the course of application after intoxication by an- ticholineterase substances.
The effect of new original low-toxic nonanticholinesterase phosphororganic compounds of acyclic and cyclic structures on the central nervous system is studied. Their pronounced mnemotropic and antiamnestic effects are revealed. The drugs investigated are successfully used as nootropes for the treatment of children with intellectually mnestic and emotionally volitional disorders in intellectual incompetence.
The pathes of injection of the bacterial ribonuclease from Bacillus intermedins spore bacteria into the organism as an antiviral agent are experimentally well-founded
It is found that cellular volume recovery j in hypertonic mediums occurs with chlorine transport involved. The increase of osmotic pressure causes the initial dehydration of the cell, then its volume is recovered up to the initial values in these conditions. The activity of chlorine transport is under the oppressive effect of the motor nerve. Postdenervational increase of intracellular content of CI is one of the reasons of the production of new cho- linoreceptors in extrasympathetic region of the muscular membrane, that is to say where thery are absent in normal muscles. By this means there is a relationship between denerva- tional activation of chlorine transport and protein synthesis processes of cholinoreceptors.
The development of desensitization during the rhythmic activity of synapse as a result of the action of mediator nonquantal secretion is described, the data of a capacity to accelerate desensitization in a series of drugs and biologically active compounds are. presented. A concept of postsynaptic plasticity qr chemical senapse is proposed which provided the basis for short-term and long-term transfers of cholinoreccptors into different kinetic state under the influence of acetyccholine by itself resulting in the adaptation of synaptic apparatus to the new conditions and is the basis for purposeful correction of the synaptic transfer.
The involvement of neurogenic regulator peptides, motoneurons synthesized in perikaryon and transfered to the muscle by axonal transport (chemical trophic factors) as well as processes combined by the term «nervous impulsation» in neurotrophic control of functional properties of the membrane of muscular fibers is shown
The clinical, electromyographic and mechanomyographic examinations of patients with diseases of central and peripheric nervous systems and the experimental myographic and morphohistochemical investigations of various models of impulsive and unimpulsive neurotrophic effect disorders on mice’ muscles arc performed. Based on the clinicoexperimen- tal comparisons the conclusions are drawn regarding the importance of mechanomyography in the diagnosis of neuromuscular system state, in the development of estimation methods of the course and efficacy of therapeutic and rehabilitation measures in neurogenetic lesions of muscles.
On the basis of experimental and literature data a hypothesis is proposed that plasma fibronectin serves as a mediator between hemostasis and RES. Fibronectin is thought to be an opsonic factor in the elimination of throm- bogenic particles from blood flow. As an example of thrombogenic particles soluble fibrin precursors covalently bound to plasma fibronectin are examined. Interrelated chages of plasma fibronectin level, DIC signes, and alterations of the Kupffer cells’ morphologic- and-functional state are in favor of the hypothesis. The idea is also proved by the presence of specific protein receptors for fibronectin on the surface of mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils. It is suggested that plasma fibronectin and phagocytes represent a united antithrombotic mechanism which prevents excessive intravascular activation of hemostatic system in pathology.
The possibilities of the use of phagocyte — dependent reactions in general clinical diegno- sis in the determination of m.edical tactics and control of health reserves are analyzed. The methods of functional estimate of phagocytosis which may be used for practical tasks are recommended. The prospects for the study of phogocytic mechanisms in the development of immunodeficient, allergic states, chronic inflammatory diseases are shown.
The inflammation underlying rheumatoid arthritis (RA), being a multicomponent and multi-stage process, essentially determines the clinical polymorphism of the disease. The analysis of the literature data on the functional state of neutrophils as effector cells of rheumatoid inflammation, on the participation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the formation of the clinical picture of the disease is difficult: they are few, contradictory and rarely contain conclusions of applied significance. There is no consensus on the nature of chemotactic, phagocytic and bactericidal functions of neutrophils. In addition, the functional state of blood neutrophils, synovial fluid and related phenomena is currently an insufficiently studied aspect of the pathogenesis and clinic of rheumatoid arthritis.
The dynamics of morphofunctional state disorders of stellate reticuloendotheliocytes of the liver is studied using models of traumatic and burn shock in rats. The course of shock process is accompanied by progressive supression of the phagocytic function of RES and destructive changes of hepatic macrophages. An intimate connection between the disfunction of RES of the liver, intraorgan blood flow disorder, plasma fibronectine concentration change and hemocoagulative disorders U revealed. The important role of the functional activity of mononuclear phagacytes system in shock pathogenesis is supported in experiments with artificial stimulation and blockade of RES.
The profound variations in ontogenesis of the immunologic status of newborns, the formation of the changed reactivity with nona- dequate specific immune response to antigens of BCG and AKDS vaccine in newbons during the first year of life are revealed in cli- nicoimmunologic examination in gestoses.
The dynamic observation and roentgenoen- doscopic examinations are of importance in the diagnosis of postoperative comissural ileus. The decompression and prolonged intubation of intestine are obligatory in relaparotomy. The intensive therapy, all kinds of intestine stimulation including ultraviolet laser blood photomodification are necessary in the early period after relaparotomy.
The origins, pathes and zones of the propagation of retroperitoneal hematomas and their effect on the motor function of digestive tract are studied in the experiment and in clinic. The combined uninvasive methods of the diagnosis of abdomen injury depth (abdominal wall, abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal space), the methods of prophylaxis and treatment of enteropareses developing in retroperitoneal hemorrhages are proposed.
The experience of the treatment of patients with urolithiasis by means of extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripsy using the equipment of the «Wolf» firm — the «Piezolith-2300» and «Piezolith-2500-10» apparatuses is generalized.
The data of the role and function of the lymphatic system in muscular activity are presented.
The changes of organism functions of adapted nature as well as disturbance in feverish reaction are extended to the lymphatic system — its resorptional, transport and bar- rier-and-filtration functions.
Adenolymphomas — the true tumors of salivary glands, the formation of their epithelial component is caused by tumoral transformation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the distal parth of salivary glands ducts. T- and B-lymphocytes are involved in the formation of tumor stroma. The epithelial antigen may be used as an effective marker in the verification of tumor epithelial component.
As many as 570 cancerous tumors of different localization and 147 metastases in liver are studied using morphohistochemical stereometric methods. The morphogenesis of stroma and formation of secondary nodes of cancerous tumors repeat on the whole the peculiarities of initial tumors structure, supporting the experimentally found capacity of cancerous cells to cause stromainduction and angiogenesis in the process of tumor growth.
To close the flaw in the musculoskeletal system, the Dutchman Nehren used an animal bone back in 1668, thereby opening one of the most interesting chapters of reconstructive surgery. The use of one's own bone for this purpose is associated with the names of Mckiven, Lexer, Albi, and already in the XVII century, its transplantation brought up to 50% successful outcomes. However, only in the 40s of the XX century, bone transplantation began to be performed more widely, tissue banks appeared, and immunologists began to study the antigenic properties of bone, which should have further expanded the possibilities of reconstructive surgery.
Scientific development of tuberculosis problems, its diagnosis and treatment began by doctors of Kazan in the late 60s of the XIX century. Classical works on the pathological anatomy of tuberculosis belong to A.V. Petrov, who in 1868 spoke about the "specificity of the contagiousness of tuberculosis", and H. M. Lyubimov, who described the origin of giant cells in tuberculosis granuloma, he also presented the first statistical data on tuberculosis for 1875-1885 and read public lectures about it. In the second half of the last century, Kazan surgeons performed a number of operations for osteoarticular tuberculosis; It is known that koumiss is widely used in the treatment of tuberculosis patients in the steppes of the Volga region and Bashkiria.
In 1992, the 100th anniversary of the use of the U-shaped anastomosis in abdominal surgery was celebrated. Swiss surgeon Caesar Roux proposed to apply a U-shaped gastroenteroanastomosis (GEA) on a disconnected loop of the jejunum with an end-to-side interstitial anastomosis for the treatment of organic pyloric stenosis. The need for this was dictated by severe complications in the form of adductor loop syndrome, "vicious circle" and reflux gastritis observed in other variants of gastroenterotomy. However, this operation, like GIA in general, was abandoned in the next decade due to the high incidence of peptic ulcers of the mouth.