According to most authors, the signs of polyneuritis in pigeons and hens are the following disorders: loss of appetite, emaciation, limb paralysis and convulsions of the neck muscles, resulting in the characteristic tilting back of the head occurring 1-3 days before death and appearing as seizures from 5 to 10 times a day, especially at external stimulation.

The method of cultivation of most spirochaetes is not yet generally available to every bacteriological laboratory; cultivation is associated with considerable, sometimes even insurmountable difficulties, both in relations to preparation of nutrient media and cultivation technique itself, and especially in terms of obtaining pure cultures. For preparation of nutrient media one usually needs blood serum of human, horse, rabbit, ram or guinea pig, or ascitic fluid or hydrocele fluid.

Preparation of Endo medium according to the original method means making large quantities of at least one liter of it. Preparing small amounts of it involves a waste of materials, because in this case, a relatively large part of the alcohol and fuchsin is spent on wetting the dishes and filter. In addition, a significant portion of the fuchsin, due to its incomplete solubility, remains on the filter during filtration.

In searching for evidence in favor of the etiological significance of b. proteus vulgaris x19 in typhus and on the assumption that typhus patients must be hypersensitive to this microbe, Prof. Friedberger together with Dr. Reis in 1919 applied subcutaneous (and also intradermal) administration to typhus patients of suspensions of killed bacilli of b. prot. prot. vulgaris x19. Friedberger and Reis expected that when certain doses of this suspension, which were completely indifferent to healthy persons, were administered, typhus patients would react to them in the same manner as, for example, tuberculosis patients react to tuberculin injections.

After birth, for about 6 hours, the baby's mouth and intestines are free from germs. From the 2nd-4th day, anaerobes begin to predominate in the intestines, whereas in the mouth, due to greater aeration of the latter, up to the time of teething, anaerobes, according to Brailovskaya-Lunkevich, are rare, and according to Zilz, even permanently absent. This picture changes sharply with the appearance of teeth: the spaces between them and the gum folds, as places of stagnation of food particles, provide a reliable refuge for anaerobic microorganisms; and in the mouth of the child appear spirochaetes and spindle-shaped bacilli.

Mixed testicular tumors are of great interest both clinically and pathologically. Being in most cases benign neoplasms, they sometimes give rise to metastases, and in some cases are subjected to malignant transformation, so that their timely recognition is of particular value. In the pathological and anatomical sense these neoplasms are of interest in relation to their microscopic structure, often extremely complex in particular in relation to their histogenesis.

The syndrome of this disease is observed in gunshot injuries of large nerve trunks, abundantly supplied with vessels, and is expressed in unbearable, burning and stabbing pains, which are aggravated at physical and mental distresses of the patient. These pains usually come on the 2nd week after the injury and do not give the patient any rest day or night. At the same time, vasomotor disorders are detected in the patients.

In the past year, I had to observe and study an interesting case of genital deformity belonging to the group of hermaphroditism or bipedalism in the broad sense of the word.

While studying cases of organic lesions of the central nervous system, we noticed a great inequality of the reflexogenic wontons of the dorsum of the foot in relation to reflexes of the toe-plantar flexion type, which forced us to study this issue in more detail.

Up to the present time there is no convenient and exact division of syphilis seizures into certain groups, which would make it possible to understand the essence of this or that suffering of the organism on the basis of this disease: Biett, e.g., divides all syphilis on the basis of their morphological features, Risord - on the basis of the time of their appearance, Virchow, Bärensprung, Bazin, Leloir, Zeissl and others mainly take into account the qualitative character of pathological and anatomical changes and on the basis of them offer a number of classifications of syphilis. However, all these classifications often fail to give a full and clear explanation of the observed syphilitic forms.

The treatment of diabetes mellitus, in spite of numerous attempts to use various medicines, remains to this day strictly diætic, and in severe cases of diabetes the diet, as it is known, does not lead to reduction of hyperglycaemia, does not stop glycosuria, and the patient remains under constant threat of diabetic coma, at the appearance of which our therapy most often does not give results. Such a state of affairs in the treatment of diabetes is connected with our very imperfect ideas about the essence of the processes underlying the disease, and if the chemical and biological deviations in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in diabetes are more or less studied, then the pathogenesis of this disease remains largely unexplained.

Examining an eye enucleated for traumatic irido-cyclitis, the author could catch under the microscope the moment of blood mononuclei emigration through the wall of the retinal venous vessels.

Studying inactivated blood plasma of pregnant women and newborns, the authors note a number of phenomena proceeding differently in plasma of one or another origin.

The vessels of the brain can be divided into 5 divisions according to their role in nourishing the latter: 1) driving arteries, 2) feeding arterioles, 3) oxygen-supplying capillaries, 4) suctioning venules, and 5) diverting veins.

A new chemotherapeutic agent released under the name "Bayer 205" finally solves the question of the treatment of sleeping sickness. The composition of the product has not been published, but it contains neither Hg, As, nor Sb. In experiments on trypanosome-infected animals it proved to be an unmistakable therapeutic agent.

Saccharin, discovered in 1884 by Fahlberg, has found itself, especially in recent times, widely used in folk nutrition, why it is quite natural that the effect of this agent on the human and animal body has become the subject of numerous works.

The author expresses the conviction that the healing effect of Proteinkörpertherapie, while not comprising anything specific, depends on 2 points: firstly, on the hyperleukocytosis caused by irritation of the tissues, secondly, on the attraction of leukocytes to those areas of the body where their action is needed.

Having studied the cases when two typhoid infections,-cough and relapsing typhoid,-simultaneously affect one and the same patient, or the incubation period of one typhoid occurs during the course of the other, Elistratov came to the following conclusions.

On the basis of studies of sympathetic ganglia in croupic pneumonia, Spanish flu and catarrhal bronchopneumonia, the author concludes that in croupic pneumonia vascular changes are more significant than in other pulmonary inflammations, while in Spanish flu and bronchopneumonia the nerve apparatus is particularly affected.

It is known that during typhus there is an increase in blood coagulation, and the organism is poisoned with nucleoprotein - thrombokinase. Neutralizing the effect of the latter with the help of substances lowering blood clotting, a favorable effect can be expected.

The author found that in typhus there is, and with regard to the severity of the lesions, a parallelism between the central nervous system and the peripheral. There is no such correspondence between the individual nerves.

Muscular rheumatism can be referred to a series of hyperalgesic phenomena, which are caused by infections intoxications due to fatigue psychogenically and finally from a cold. These phenomena may appear as myalgia, neuralgia, arthralgia, painful fascias and tendons.

In this disease, percussion at the beginning only rarely gives correct indications. When listening, special attention should be paid to the second aortic tone, which often has a ringing tone. Blood pressure at the beginning is mostly not elevated.

Considering the question of the validity of cholera vaccination per os sufficiently clarified, thanks to the works of prof. Zabolotny and Savchenko, Zlatogorov, in connection with the studies of Bezredek on local immunity, set out to find out the significance of vaccination per os for the formation of specific antivirals in humans and came to the following conclusions.

The author holds the view that the normal appendix does not fall ill with the disease that we are accustomed to call appendicitis. The main cause of this disease is secondary infection of the primary worms, namely pinworms, defects in the epithelium and mucous membrane.

The author cites 54 of his own observations, of which 27 cases were treated surgically (13 cures, 3 improvements-but with fistulas 11 deaths) and 27 cases were treated with drugs (16 cures, 3 improvements, 5 no improvements, 3 deaths).

The author has long used atropine for treatment of habitual constipation, prescribing it in small doses (0.00025 or less) together with small amounts of fol. sennae and bicarbonate of soda. This remedy is suitable for both spastic and atonic forms of constipation.

Observing the recent cases of hiccups in Petrograd, Aronovich, based on the clinical course of this disease, the only symptom of which is extremely distressing hiccups, appearing quite suddenly in healthy people, sometimes at night, not treatable and just as suddenly disappearing in 3-4 days, believes that these cases can be attributed to the epidemic of encephalitis lethargica.

After reviewing a very extensive material (977 operations on the stomach), the author was convinced that ulcéra peptica jejuni occur exclusively after operations undertaken for benign gastric diseases and related to gastroenterostomy, but never after surgical treatment of cancers of this organ.

Proceeding from the idea that gastroptosis is the result of relaxation and overstretching of the stomach musculature rather than relaxation of the ligaments suspending the stomach, the author suggests a new operation to eliminate this anomaly, which is reduced to the formation of a longitudinal fold on the stomach.

This operation is the best type of surgical intervention for fresh burns of the esophagus and stomach. In older calloused, perforating gastric ulcers, especially those lying closer to the cardia, as well as in case of multiple ulcers and severe bleeding it is equal to resection in its therapeutic value, especially in severely weakened patients.

The authors performed 42 gallbladder anastomoses in dogs, 20 to the stomach, 17 to the duolenum, and 5 to the colon.

Having worked out experimentally on animals and technically on cadavers the question of tendon transplantation - which operation can be successfully used in the operative treatment of polymyelitidis anterioris - the author recommends transplantation of tendons with their sheath and peritenonium, so that their vital connection would not be broken.

Currently, surgical methods of spinal fixation in tuberculous spondylitis are quite numerous. Based on a review of the literature and 50 own clinical cases, the author considers the following to be the most appropriate among them.

The authors named have succeeded in inducing granulomatous con'yunctivitis in a rabbit by infection with trachomatous virens taken from both monkeys and humans. Passages are successful from rabbit to rabbit as well as from rabbit to monkey.

Very often the settling of the superior parts of the spine over the tubercularly destroyed vertebral bodies is extremely slow and insignificant, so that sometimes, with the destruction of 4 or even more vertebrae in a row, kyphosis almost or even completely does not develop The reason lies in the lively transformation processes that adapt the bone system to the altered mechanical conditions.

During the past war, the author observed the development of this suffering depending on the poisoning by war gases.

In 2 cases of severe lacrimation after removal of the lacrimal sac, the authors obtained excellent results from lacrimal gland X-raying.

As we have already informed our readers, it is accepted by many of modern German gynecologists as a rule to infuse blood poured into the abdominal cavity, at the termination of ectopic pregnancy, into the circulatory system, adding to it, to avoid coagulation, a solution of natrii citrici. In the evaluation of this technique, however, not all authors are in agreement: while some consider it, in severe acute anemia, directly lifesaving, others point out its danger.

The author described a case where an ectopic 6-7-month-old fetus remained in the abdominal cavity for 35 years without causing any distress to the mother, and was not removed surgically until the woman was 62 years old.

In 40 cases, microscopic studies have shown that early rupture of the fetal bladder is explained by the anatomical structure of the fetal membranes, which in such cases present signs of either inflammation, degeneration, or underdevelopment of their various layers.

According to the author's data, this suffering, in most cases arising from multiple sclerosis, is not so rare (3-17%) depending on the disease (mainly empyema) of nearby cavities, namely sinus sphenoidalis and posterior ethmoidal cells.

Although the bad prognostic value of the presence of hemolytic streptococci in the genital secretions of women in labor and delivery has been disputed on different sides, yet numerous studies have convinced the author that hemolysis in this case is indeed signum mali ominis, and this applies not only to streptococci, but also to other representatives of the microbial flora of the female genital canal.

In discussing this rare phenomenon, the author considers it the result of compression of the intrapelvic segment of the sciatic nerve by a large fetal head in a narrow pelvis or traumatization with forceps.

The author reports interesting data about this operation from the Stöckel Clinic in Kiel.

In contrast to the established view, the author concluded on the basis of bacteriological investigations that infection from the baby's mouth is very rarely the cause of breast infections; the same should be said about infection of the breasts with the contents of the baby's rectum and lochia.

The author thinks that the frequency with which malignant myomas occur is greatly exaggerated. The author in 609 cases of these tumors could establish malignancy only 6 times, and if we take into account only the cases subjected to systematic microscopic study, then in 2%.

In the surgical removal of inflamed tubes, with the ovaries left, or at least part of them. The author recommends, in suitable cases, excising the uterine fundus in a transverse direction, with the tip of the wedge reaching the mucosa.

The authors report a peculiar disease, hitherto not described in the literature, observed in one asylum of r. Mülheimer'a. in Germany. The disease was clinically expressed by nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ptosis, diplopia, absence of pupil response to light and their dilation, Babinski's symptom, paraesthesias, nasal speech, difficulty in swallowing, cyanosis, Cheyne-Stokes breathing with good, regular pulse and normal temperature.

Experimental data of Levaditi, Hariver, Nicolau, Doer, Vöchting, Lowenstein et al. testify according to Rosenthal that 1) virus of this disease belongs to the category of filtering; 2) by inoculation of the cerebral substance of the affected human brain (worse - cerebrospinal fluid) under the dura mater of the animal - best of all rabbit - it is possible, though not always, to cause the corresponding disease; 3) in many of its properties encephalitic virus is close to rabies virus and polymyelitis virus.