In vitro corrosion of Mg--6Zn--1Mn--4Sn--1.5Nd/0.5Y alloys

Abstract

The microstructure evaluation, surface morphology, chemical compositions and phase analysis of the biomedical Mg--6Zn--1Mn--4Sn--1.5Nd/0.5Y (ZMT614--1.5Nd/0.5Y) alloys were investigated by means of optical microscopy, EPMA, X-ray EDS, XRD and FTIR. The corrosion behavior was evaluated using weight-loss measurement, hydrogen evolution, electrochemical and pH measurements. The results demonstrate that the microstructure for both ZMT614--1.5Nd alloy and ZMT614--0.5Y alloy is characterized by α-Mg and intermetallic compounds, most of which are distributed along the grain boundaries. These second phases contain Mg₂Zn, Mg₂Zn₁₁, Mg₂Sn and single metal Mn, together with Mg₁₂Nd phase for the ZMT614--1.5Nd alloy, and with Mg₂₄Y₅ phase for the ZMT614--0.5Y alloy. Honeycomb-like corrosion product layers form. The corrosion resistance of the ZMT614--0.5Y alloy is higher than that of the ZMT614--1.5Nd alloy, which is ascribed to the addition of the element Y into the alloy delaying the corrosion initiation in comparison to that of Nd element in the alloy.

Keywords

magnesium alloy / yttrium / neodymium / corrosion / biomaterial

References

[1] Zeng R C, Kainer K U, Blawert C, . Corrosion of an extruded magnesium alloy ZK60 component - The role of microstructural features. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, 509(13): 4462-4469

[2] Zeng R C, Chen J, Kuang J, . Influence of silane on corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy AZ31 with thermally sprayed aluminum coatings. Rare Metals, 2010, 29(2): 193-197

[3] Zeng R C, Ke W, Xu Y B, . Recent development and application of magnesium alloys. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2001, 37(7): 673-685

[4] Witte F, Kaese V, Haferkamp H, . In vivo corrosion of four magnesium alloys and the associated bone response. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(17): 3557-3563

[5] Chen J, Zeng R C, Huang W J, . Characterization and wear resistance of macro-arc oxidation coating on magnesium alloy AZ91 in simulated body fluids. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2008, 18: 361-364

[6] Zeng R C, Dietzel W, Witte F, . Progress and challenge for magnesium alloys as biomaterials. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2008, 10(8): B3-B14

[7] Zeng R C, Sun L, Zheng Y F, . Corrosion and characterization of dual phase Mg–Li–Ca alloy in Hank’s solution: The influence of microstructural features. Corrosion Science, 2014, 79: 69-82

[8] Zeng R C, Zhang J, Huang W J, . Review of studies on corrosion of magnesium alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2006, 16: 763-771

[9] Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhao C, . Research on an Mg–Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial. Acta Biomaterialia, 2010, 6(2): 626-640

[10] He W, Zhang E, Yang K. Effect of Y on the bio-corrosion behavior of extruded Mg–Zn–Mn alloy in Hank’s solution. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2010, 30(1): 167-174

[11] Zhang E, Yang L. Microstructure, mechanical properties and bio-corrosion properties of Mg–Zn–Mn–Ca alloy for biomedical application. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2008, 497(1-2): 111-118

[12] Tapiero H, Tew K D. Trace elements in human physiology and pathology: zinc and metallothioneins. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 2003, 57(9): 399-411

[13] Chen J, Chen Z, Yan H, . Effects of Sn addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Zn–Al alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008, 461(1-2): 209-215

[14] Clark J. Transmission electron microscopy study of age hardening in a Mg–5 wt.% Zn alloy. Acta Metallurgica, 1965, 13(12): 1281-1289

[15] Maeng D, Kim T, Lee J, . Microstructure and strength of rapidly solidified and extruded Mg–Zn alloys. Scripta Materialia, 2000, 43(5): 385-389

[16] Chun J, Byrne J. Precipitate strengthening mechanisms in magnesium zinc alloy single crystals. Journal of Materials Science, 1969, 4(10): 861-872

[17] Zhang D F, Shi G L, Zhao X B, . Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg–x%Zn–1%Mn (x = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) wrought magnesium alloys. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2011, 21(1): 15-25

[18] Zhang H J, Zhang D F, Ma C H, . Improving mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Mg–6Zn–Mn magnesium alloy by rapid solidification. Materials Letters, 2013, 92: 45-48

[19] Qi F, Zhang D, Zhang X, . Effect of Sn addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–6Zn–1Mn (wt.%) alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 585: 656-666

[20] Zhang E, Yin D, Xu L, . Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties and biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Mn alloys for biomedical application. Materials Science and Engineering C, 2009, 29(3): 987-993

[21] Zhang D F, Xu X X, Qi F G, . Effects of Sn on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZM61 alloy. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2013, 42(5): 931-936

[22] Hu G S, Zhang D F, Guo F, . Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Zn–Mn–Sn–Nd wrought alloys. Journal of Rare Earths, 2014, 32(1): 52-56

[23] Nakatsugawa I, Takayasu H, Araki K, . Electrochemical corrosion studies of thixomolded AZ91D alloy in sodium chloride solution. Materials Science Forum, 2003, 419-422: 845-850

[24] Zeng R C, Chen J, Dietzel W, . Electrochemical behavior of magnesium alloys in simulated body fluids. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2007, 17(1): 166-170

[25] Zhang X, Zhang S.Biocompatibility of magnesium–zinc alloy in biodegradable orthopedic implants. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2011, 28(3): 343-348

[26] Li Z, Song G-L, Song S. Effect of bicarbonate on biodegradation behaviour of pure magnesium in a simulated body fluid. Electrochimica Acta, 2014, 115: 56-65

[27] Zhao M C, Schmutz P, Brunner S, . An exploratory study of the corrosion of Mg alloys during interrupted salt spray testing. Corrosion Science, 2009, 51(6): 1277-1292

[28] Song G L, Atrens A. Understanding magnesium corrosion - a framework for improved alloy performance. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2003, 5(12): 837-858

[29] Song Y, Shan D, Chen R, . Investigation of surface oxide film on magnesium lithium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2009, 484(1-2): 585-590

[30] Kuwahara H, AlAbdullat Y, Mazaki N, . Precipitation of magnesium apatite on pure magnesium surface during immersing in Hank’s solution. Materials Transactions, 2001, 42(7): 1317-1321

[31] Li Z, Gu X, Lou S, . The development of binary Mg–Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone. Biomaterials, 2008, 29(10): 1329-1344

[32] Jonasova L, Müller F A, Helebrant A, . Biomimetic apatite formation on chemically treated titanium. Biomaterials, 2004, 25(7-8): 1187-1194

[33] Liu M, Schmutz P, Uggowitzer P J, . The influence of yttrium (Y) on the corrosion of Mg–Y binary alloys. Corrosion Science, 2010, 52(11): 3687-3701

[34] Kouisni L, Azzi M, Zertoubi M, . Phosphate coatings on magnesium alloy AM60 part 1: study of the formation and the growth of zinc phosphate films. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2004, 185(1): 58-67

[35] Li G, Lian J, Niu L, . Growth of zinc phosphate coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2006, 201(3-4): 1814-1820

[36] Yu K. Study on the microstructure, properties and deformation techniques of rare earth wrought magnesium alloys. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Changsha: Central South University, 2002

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg