Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

P. PADMAGIRISAN, V. SANKARANARAYANAN

PDF(2132 KB)
PDF(2132 KB)
Front. Energy ›› 2019, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (2) : 296-306. DOI: 10.1007/s11708-018-0605-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

Author information +
History +

Abstract

This paper proposes a powertrain controller for a solar photovoltaic battery powered hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The main objective of the proposed controller is to ensure better battery management, load regulation, and maximum power extraction whenever possible from the photovoltaic panels. The powertrain controller consists of two levels of controllers named lower level controllers and a high-level control algorithm. The lower level controllers are designed to perform individual tasks such as maximum power point tracking, battery charging, and load regulation. The perturb and observe based maximum power point tracking algorithm is used for extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels while the battery charging controller is designed using a PI controller. A high-level control algorithm is then designed to switch between the lower level controllers based on different operating conditions such as high state of charge, low state of charge, maximum battery current, and heavy load by respecting the constraints formulated. The developed algorithm is evaluated using theoretical simulation and experimental studies. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed technique.

Keywords

battery management system / hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) / maximum power point tracking (MPPT) / solar photovoltaic

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
P. PADMAGIRISAN, V. SANKARANARAYANAN. Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle. Front. Energy, 2019, 13(2): 296‒306 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0605-8

References

[1]
Çağatay Bayindir K, Gözüküçük M A, Teke A. A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle: powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011, 52(2): 1305–1313
CrossRef Google scholar
[2]
Fathabadi H. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs): replacing internal combustion engine with clean and renewable energy based auxiliary power sources. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2018, 33(11): 9611–9618
[3]
Garcia-Valle R, Lopes J A P. Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013
[4]
Lin X, Lei Y. Coordinated control strategies for SMES-battery hybrid energy storage systems. IEEE Access, 2017, 5(1): 23452–23465
[5]
Vinot E, Reinbold V, Trigui R. Global optimized design of an electric variable transmission for HEVS. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2016, 65(8): 6794–6798
CrossRef Google scholar
[6]
Shabbir W, Evangelou S A. Exclusive operation strategy for the supervisory control of series hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 2016, 24(6): 2190–2198
CrossRef Google scholar
[7]
Eckert J J, Silva L C, Costa E S, Santiciolli F M, Dedini F G, Corrêa F C. Electric vehicle drive train optimisation. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, 2017, 7(1): 32–40
CrossRef Google scholar
[8]
Sun L, Feng K, Chapman C, Zhang N. An adaptive power-split strategy for battery–super capacitor powertrain design, simulation, and experiment. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017, 32(12): 9364–9375
CrossRef Google scholar
[9]
Locment F, Sechilariu M, Forgez C. Electric vehicle charging system with PV grid-connected configuration. In: Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Illinois, USA, 2011: 1–6
[10]
Pourabdollah M, Egardt B, Murgovski N, Grauers A. Convex optimization methods for powertrain sizing of electrified vehicles by using different levels of modeling details. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2018, 67(3): 1881–1893
CrossRef Google scholar
[11]
Naseri F, Farjah E, Ghanbari T. An efficient regenerative braking system based on battery/supercapacitor for electric, hybrid, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with BLDC motor. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2017, 66(5): 3724–3738
[12]
Xu G, Xu K, Zheng C, Zhang X, Zahid T. Fully electrified regenerative braking control for deep energy recovery and maintaining safety of electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2016, 65(3): 1186–1198
CrossRef Google scholar
[13]
Liu B, Li L, Wang X, Cheng S. Hybrid electric vehicle downshifting strategy based on stochastic dynamic programming during regenerative braking process. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2018, 67(6): 4716–4727
[14]
Nian X, Peng F, Zhang H. Regenerative braking system of electric vehicle driven by brushless DC motor. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2014, 61(10): 5798–5808
CrossRef Google scholar
[15]
Fathabadi H. Two novel techniques for increasing energy efficiency of photovoltaic-battery systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 105: 149–166
CrossRef Google scholar
[16]
Hemmati R, Saboori H. Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications—a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 65: 11–23
CrossRef Google scholar
[17]
Li X, Hui D, Lai X. Battery energy storage station (BESS)-based smoothing control of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power generation fluctuations. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2013, 4(2): 464–473
CrossRef Google scholar
[18]
Saxena N, Hussain I, Singh B, Vyas A L. Implementation of a grid-integrated PV-battery system for residential and electrical vehicle applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2018, 65(8): 6592–6601
CrossRef Google scholar
[19]
Kim H, Parkhideh B, Bongers T D, Gao H. Reconfigurable solar converter: a single-stage power conversion PV-battery system. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2013, 28(8): 3788–3797
CrossRef Google scholar
[20]
Sivaprasad A, Kumaravel S, Ashok S. Integration of solar PV/battery hybrid system using dual input DC-DC converter. In: 2016 Biennial International Conference on Power and Energy Systems: Towards Sustainable Energy (PESTSE), Bengaluru, India, 2016, 1–5
[21]
Shafiei N, Ordonez M, Saket Tokaldani M A, Arefifar S A. PV battery charger using an L3C resonant converter for electric vehicle applications. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2018, 4(1): 108–121
CrossRef Google scholar
[22]
Simoes M G, Franceschetti N, Adamowski J. Drive system control and energy management of a solar powered electric vehicle. In: Proceedings of the 13th Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, USA, 1998, 1: 49–55
[23]
Ippolito M, Telaretti E, Zizzo G, Graditi G. A new device for the control and the connection to the grid of combined res-based generators and electric storage systems. In: International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), Alghero, Italy, 2013: 262–267
[24]
Rahimi-Eichi H, Ojha U, Baronti F, Chow M Y. Battery management system: an overview of its application in the smart grid and electric vehicles. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 2013, 7(2): 4–16
CrossRef Google scholar
[25]
Hu K W, Yi P H, Liaw C M. An EV SRM drive powered by battery/supercapacitor with G2V and V2H/V2H capabilities. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2015, 62(8): 4714–4727
CrossRef Google scholar
[26]
Guo X, Li J, Wang X. Impact of grid and load disturbances on electric vehicle battery in G2V/V2G and V2H mode. In: Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Montreal, Canada, 2015, 5406–5410
[27]
Shen J, Khaligh A. Design and real-time controller implementation for a battery ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2016, 12(5): 1910–1918
CrossRef Google scholar
[28]
Xiong R, Cao J, Yu Q, He H, Sun F. Critical review on the battery state of charge estimation methods for electric vehicles. IEEE Access: Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 2018, 6: 1832–1843
CrossRef Google scholar
[29]
Graditi G, Adinolfi G, Tina G. Photovoltaic optimizer boost converters: temperature influence and electro-thermal design. Applied Energy, 2014, 115: 140–150
CrossRef Google scholar
[30]
Brahmi H, Dhifaoui R. Dynamic characteristics and improved MPPT control of PV generator. Frontiers in Energy, 2013, 7(3): 342–350
CrossRef Google scholar
[31]
Koad R B, Zobaa A F, El-Shahat A. A novel MPPT algorithm based on particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2017, 8(2): 468–476
CrossRef Google scholar
[32]
Peng B R, Ho K C, Liu Y H. A novel and fast MPPT method suitable for both fast changing and partially shaded conditions. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2018, 65(4): 3240–3251
CrossRef Google scholar
[33]
Jeon Y T, Lee H, Kim K A, Park J H. Least power point tracking method for photovoltaic differential power processing systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017, 32(3): 1941–1951
CrossRef Google scholar
[34]
Piegari L, Rizzo R. Adaptive perturb and observe algorithm for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2010, 4(4): 317–328
CrossRef Google scholar
[35]
Ahmed J, Salam Z. An enhanced adaptive P&O MPPT for fast and efficient tracking under varying environmental conditions. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2018, 9(3): 1487–1496
CrossRef Google scholar
[36]
Mohanty S, Subudhi B, Ray P K. A grey wolf-assisted perturb & observe MPPT algorithm for a PV system. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2017, 32(1): 340–347
CrossRef Google scholar
[37]
Mahmoud Y, El-Saadany E F. A novel MPPT technique based on an image of PV modules. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2017, 32(1): 213–221
CrossRef Google scholar
[38]
Aurilio G, Balato M, Graditi G, Landi C, Luiso M, Vitelli M. Fast hybrid MPPT technique for photovoltaic applications: numerical and experimental validation. Advances in Power Electronics, 2014, 2014: 1–15
CrossRef Google scholar
[39]
de Brito M A G, Galotto L, Sampaio L P, de Azevedo e Melo G, Canesin C A. Evaluation of the main MPPT techniques for photovoltaic applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2013, 60(3): 1156–1167
CrossRef Google scholar
[40]
Subudhi B, Pradhan R. A comparative study on maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic power systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2013, 4(1): 89–98
[41]
Rezk H, Fathy A, Abdelaziz A Y. A comparison of different global MPPT techniques based on meta-heuristic algorithms for photovoltaic system subjected to partial shading conditions. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 74: 377–386
CrossRef Google scholar
[42]
Kini R L, Sellers A J, Hontz M R, Kabir M R, Khanna R. Comparison of GAN and SI-based photovoltaic power conversion circuits using various maximum power point tracking algorithms. In: Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Tampa, USA, 2017, 2977–2982
[43]
Aamri F E, Maker H, Sera D, Spataru S, Guerrero J M, Mouhsen A.A direct maximum power point tracking method for single-phase grid connected PV inverters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2018, 33(10): 8961–8971
[44]
LEM. Current Transducer LA 55-P. 2018–11–20, available at lem website
[45]
LEM. Voltage Transducer LV 25-400. 2018–11–20, available at lem website

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2018 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(2132 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/