Optimal design and development of PV-wind-battery based nano-grid system: A field-on-laboratory demonstration

Abstract

The present paper has disseminated the design approach, project implementation, and economics of a nano-grid system. The deployment of the system is envisioned to acculturate the renewable technology into Indian society by field-on-laboratory demonstration (FOLD) and “bridge the gaps between research, development, and implementation.” The system consists of a solar photovoltaic (PV) (2.4 kWp), a wind turbine (3.2 kWp), and a battery bank (400 Ah). Initially, a prefeasibility study is conducted using the well-established HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) software developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA. The feasibility study indicates that the optimal capacity for the nano-grid system consists of a 2.16 kWp solar PV, a 3 kWp wind turbine, a 1.44 kW inverter, and a 24 kWh battery bank. The total net present cost (TNPC) and cost of energy (COE) of the system are US$20789.85andUS$0.673/kWh, respectively. However, the hybrid system consisting of a 2.4 kWp of solar PV, a 3.2 kWp of wind turbine, a 3 kVA of inverter, and a 400 Ah of battery bank has been installed due to unavailability of system components of desired values and to enhance the reliability of the system. The TNPC and COE of the system installed are found to be US$20073.63andUS$0.635/kWh, respectively and both costs are largely influenced by battery cost. Besides, this paper has illustrated the installation details of each component as well as of the system. Moreover, it has discussed the detailed cost breakup of the system. Furthermore, the performance of the system has been investigated and validated with the simulation results. It is observed that the power generated from the PV system is quite significant and is almost uniform over the year. Contrary to this, a trivial wind velocity prevails over the year apart from the month of April, May, and June, so does the power yield. This research demonstration provides a pathway for future planning of scaled-up hybrid energy systems or microgrid in this region of India or regions of similar topography.

Keywords

photovoltaic (PV) / wind / battery / nano-grid / hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) / field-on-lab demonstration (FOLD)

References

[1] Diaf S, Notton G, Belhamel M, Haddadi M, Louche A. Design and techno-economical optimization for hybrid PV/wind system under various meteorological conditions. Applied Energy, 2008, 85(10): 968–987

[2] Nadjemi O, Nacer T, Hamidat A, Salhi H. Optimal hybrid PV/wind energy system sizing: application of cuckoo search algorithm for Algerian dairy farms. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 70: 1352–1365

[3] Maleki A, Khajeh M G, Ameri M. Optimal sizing of a grid independent hybrid renewable energy system incorporating resource uncertainty, and load uncertainty. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2016, 83: 514–524

[4] Askarzadeh A, dos Santos Coelho L. A novel framework for optimization of a grid independent hybrid renewable energy system: a case study of Iran. Solar Energy, 2015, 112: 383–396

[5] Takle E S, Shaw R H. Complimentary nature of wind and solar energy at a continental mid-latitude station. International Journal of Energy Research, 1979, 3(2): 103–112

[6] Razmjoo A, Qolipour M, Shirmohammadi R, Heibati S M, Faraji I. Techno-economic evaluation of standalone hybrid solar-wind systems for small residential districts in the central desert of Iran. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2017, 36(4): 1194–1207

[7] Smaoui M, Abdelkafi A, Krichen L. Optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic/wind/hydrogen hybrid system supplying a desalination unit. Solar Energy, 2015, 120: 263–276

[8] Bianchi M, Branchini L, Ferrari C, Melino F. Optimal sizing of grid-independent hybrid photovoltaic-battery power systems for household sector. Applied Energy, 2014, 136: 805–816

[9] Sinha S, Chandel S S. Improving the reliability of photovoltaic-based hybrid power system with battery storage in low wind locations. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2017, 19: 146–159

[10] Baneshi M, Hadianfard F. Techno-economic feasibility of hybrid diesel/PV/wind/battery electricity generation systems for non-residential large electricity consumer sunder southern Iran climate conditions. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 127: 233–244

[11] Haghighat M A, Avella Escandon S A, Najafi B, Shirazi A, Rinaldi F. Techno-economic feasibility of photovoltaic, wind, diesel and hybrid electrification systems for off-grid rural electrification in Colombia. Renewable Energy, 2016, 97: 293–305

[12] Kaabeche A, Belhamel M, Ibtiouen R. Techno-economic valuation and optimization of integrated photovoltaic/wind energy conversion system. Solar Energy, 2011, 85(10): 2407–2420

[13] El-Kordy M N, Badr M A, Abed K A, Ibrahim S M A. Economical evaluation of electricity generation considering externalities. Renewable Energy, 2002, 25(2): 317–328

[14] Heydari A, Askarzadeh A. Optimization of a biomass-based photovoltaic power plant for an off-grid application subject to loss of power supply probability concept. Applied Energy, 2016, 165: 601–611

[15] Upadhyay S, Sharma M P. Development of hybrid energy system with cycle charging strategy using particle swarm optimization for a remote area in India. Renewable Energy, 2015, 77: 586–598

[16] Askarzadeh A, dos Santos Coelho L. A novel framework for optimization of a grid independent hybrid renewable energy system: a case study of Iran. Solar Energy, 2015, 112: 383–396

[17] Yahiaoui A, Benmansour K, Tadjine M. Control, analysis and optimization of hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery systems for isolated rural city in Algeria. Solar Energy, 2016, 137: 1–10

[18] Rezk H, Dousoky G M. Technical and economic analysis of different configurations of stand-alone hybrid renewable power systems–a case study. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 62: 941–953

[19] Dufo-Lopez R, Bernal-Agustin J L, Contreras J. Optimization of control strategies for stand-alone renewable energy systems with hydrogen storage. Renewable Energy, 2007, 32(7): 1102–1126

[20] Dufo-Lopez R, Bernal-Agustin J L. Design and control strategies of PV–diesel systems using genetic algorithms. Solar Energy, 2005, 79(1): 33–46

[21] Gupta R A, Kumar R, Bansal A K. BBO-based small autonomous hybrid power system optimization incorporating wind speed and solar radiation forecasting. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 41: 1366–1375

[22] Maleki A, Askarzadeh A. Artificial bee swarm optimization for optimum sizing of a stand-alone PV/WT/FC hybrid system considering LPSP concept. Solar Energy, 2014, 107: 227–235

[23] García-Triviño P, Fernández-Ramírez L M, Gil-Mena A J, Llorens-Iborra F , Garcıa-Vazquez C A, Jurado F. Optimized operation combining costs, efficiency and lifetime of a hybrid renewable energy system with energy storage by battery and hydrogen in grid-connected applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(48): 23132–23144

[24] Nadjemi O, Nacer T, Hamidat A, Salhi H. Optimal hybrid PV/wind energy system sizing: application of cuckoo search algorithm for Algerian dairy farms. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 70: 1352–1365

[25] Kamel S, Dahl C. The economics of hybrid power systems for sustainable desert agriculture in Egypt. Energy, 2005, 30(8): 1271–1281

[26] Goel S, Ali S M. Hybrid energy system for off grid remote telecom tower in Odisha, India. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2013, 36(3): 116–122

[27] Cordiner S, Mulone V, Giordani A, Savino M, Tomarchio G, Malkow T, Tsotridis G, Pilenga A, Karlsen M L, Jensen J. Fuel cell based Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for off-grid telecom stations: data analysis from on field demonstration tests. Applied Energy, 2017, 192: 508–518

[28] Yamegueu D, Azoumah Y, Py X, Zongo N. Experimental study of electricity generation by Solar PV/diesel hybrid systems without battery storage for off-grid areas. Renewable Energy, 2011, 36(6): 1780–1787

[29] Giraud F, Salameh Z M. Steady-State performance of a grid-connected rooftop hybrid wind–photovoltaic power system with battery storage. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2001, 16(1): 1–7

[30] Díaz P, Arias C A, Pena R, Sandoval D. FAR from the grid: a rural electrification field study. Renewable Energy, 2010, 35(12): 2829–2834

[31] Yang H X, Zhou W, Lou C Z. Optimal design and techno-economic analysis of a hybrid solar–wind power generation system. Applied Energy, 2009, 86(2): 163–169

[32] Karakoulidis K, Mavridis K, Bandekas D V, Adoniadis P, Potolias C, Vordos N. Techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery-fuel cell power system. Renewable Energy, 2011, 36(8): 2238–2244

Acknowledgment

The present work has received funding from University Grants Commission (UGC), India under DRS scheme sanctioned to Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2018 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature