A human-machine collision warning method for dam surface construction based on three-dimensional ranging

Abstract

[Objective] During the construction of concrete dams, the increased safety risks due to three-dimensional intersecting operations and limited construction areas, along with the lack of depth information in traditional two-dimensional monitoring, make it difficult to accurately determine the relative positions of personnel and machinery. Consequently, the effectiveness of construction safety early warnings is limited. To address the scale uncertainty in monocular vision-based ranging and enhance the human-machine collision risk identification and real-time warning capabilities for dam surface construction, a construction safety early warning method based on monocular visual depth perception is proposed. [Methods] A three-dimensional ranging model was constructed by integrating YOLOv10 target detection with MiDaS monocular depth estimation. Real-time calculation of the 3D Euclidean distance was achieved through target identification, depth estimation, and spatial coordinate conversion, and a warning mechanism based on spatiotemporal joint criteria was established by combining depth maps and safety thresholds. To verify the effectiveness of the method, comparative experiments with mainstream monocular depth estimation models were designed, and case tests were conducted based on a hydropower engineering project in Sichuan. [Results] The experimental result showed that the model achieved a root mean square error(RMSE) of 27 cm in measuring the height of concrete buckets and 35 cm in detecting the relative distance between humans and machines. The processing time per frame was 0.05 s, meeting the requirements for real-time monitoring at dam surface construction sites. Compared to traditional two-dimensional video method, the model demonstrated significant advantages in both the accuracy and real-time performance of risk identification. [Conclusion] A construction safety early warning method based on three-dimensional ranging is established, enabling three-dimensional risk monitoring and hazard warning for concrete dam surface construction. This method not only serves dam surface construction scenarios but also has the potential to be extended to human-machine coordinated operations and construction digital twin systems, providing a reference for achieving higher levels of multi-target early warning and dynamic protection in the future.

Keywords

concrete dam / three-dimensional overlapping operations / collision warning / three-dimensional ranging / monocular depth estimation / risk assessment / construction safety warning / construction digital twin system