Review of influence of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete erosion and performance deterioration

Abstract

[Objective] The deterioration mechanisms, influencing factors, and preventive measures of concrete performance under freeze-thaw cycles are core issues in the field of civil engineering materials science and have long been international research hotspots. Since the 1930 s, extensive research on the deterioration response mechanisms of concrete to freeze-thaw cycles has provided a solid theoretical basis for the durability design of concrete structures. [Methods] Through literature review and engineering practice experience, the primary theoretical hypotheses of concrete performance deterioration under freeze-thaw cycles are systematically summarized, including hydrostatic pressure hypothesis, osmotic pressure hypothesis, thermodynamic hypothesis, and critical water saturation theory. The influence of freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties, chloride diffusion performance, and constitutive relationships of concrete is analyzed. Additionally, a theoretical framework and knowledge map are constructed based on relevant research findings. [Results] Extensive research indicates that freeze-thaw cycles damage the microstructure of concrete through multiple mechanisms including hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and thermodynamic effects, leading to increased porosity, microcrack propagation, and ultimately macroscopic performance deterioration. Regarding mechanical properties, freeze-thaw cycles reduce mechanical indicators such as strength and elastic modulus, with flexural strength exhibiting the highest sensitivity. In terms of chloride diffusion, freeze-thaw cycles accelerate chloride ion transport within concrete, increasing both the internal chloride concentration and diffusion coefficient. Additionally, freeze-thaw cycles alter the constitutive relationship of concrete, exhibiting the typical characteristics of “reduced peak stress and increased peak strain”. Based on the systematic review, future research trends in the freeze-thaw damage of concrete are discussed, and key issues requiring in-depth investigation are proposed. [Conclusion] The research progress on chloride ion erosion and performance deterioration of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles is systematically reviewed, and corresponding preventive measures such as optimization of concrete material parameters and physicochemical surface treatments of concrete are summarized. These efforts are essential to promote development in concrete research and improve the design level of concrete materials.

Keywords

freeze-thaw cycles / performance deterioration / concrete / material durability / chloride diffusion coefficient / influencing factors / osmotic pressure / mechanical properties