Objective: This review aims to summarize the developmental dynamics of spinal motor neurons (SMNs), with a focus on key signaling pathways (including Sonic Hedgehog [Shh], fibroblast growth factor [FGF], and bone morphogenetic protein [BMP]) and transcription factors such as pancreas Homeobox protein 9 (Hb9), Insulin Gene Enhancer Protein 1 (Isl1), and LIM Homeobox Protein 3 (Lhx3). This review also examines the pathological associations with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and it evaluates emerging therapies.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus from database inception to December 2025. The search strategy combined terms related to SMN development, signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy. Two authors independently performed screening and data extraction, after which the evidence was synthesized narratively.

Results: SMNs connect the central nervous system to peripheral muscles. Their development is governed by a complex molecular network in which Shh, FGF, and BMP signaling synergize with Hb9, Isl1, and Lhx3 to regulate origin, differentiation, migration, and synapse formation. Genetic factors and extracellular microenvironment abnormalities are linked to ALS and SMA. Gene therapy and stem cell transplantation show translational potential.

Discussion: This review provides a theoretical framework for understanding neural development and identifying therapeutic targets for motor neuron disorders. Integrating developmental signaling, pathological factors, and translational strategies may advance research and treatment of SMN-related diseases.

Objective: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is the most common chronic complication after sprain of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle, mainly characterized by repeated sprains, persistent pain and functional limitation, with 25% to 46% of patients developing CAI after a first sprain. This review aims to clarify the epidemiological characteristics, the possible bidirectional mechanisms, and the comprehensive intervention strategies linking CAI and mental disorders, so as to provide an evidence-based reference for the full management of CAI.

Methods: This is a systematic review of the literature on the correlation between CAI and mental disorders, covering the epidemiological characteristics of their comorbidity, the possible bidirectional pathogenic mechanisms (neuroplasticity, neurotransmitter imbalance, and fear-avoidance behavioral loops), and the evidence for clinical assessment and intervention.

Results: Existing cross-sectional studies consistently show that the comorbidity rates of anxiety and depression in patients with CAI are significantly higher than in healthy individuals. The two conditions reinforce each other through neuroplastic reorganization, neurotransmitter imbalance, and fear-avoidance behavioral loops, forming a vicious cycle of pain-psychological disorders-functional degradation. The correlation evidence is relatively sufficient, but the causal direction remains unclear, and some prevalence data derive from surgical subgroups and should not be directly generalized to all CAI patients.

Discussion: Integrating mental health screening into the routine management of CAI and providing multidisciplinary collaborative intervention for screen-positive patients is a feasible and theoretically sound strategy. However, the existing evidence is mainly observational in design. Prospective cohort and interventional studies are needed to clarify the causal direction and verify the efficacy of psychological interventions, so as to advance a framework of managing CAI with equal emphasis on physical and mental health and its clinical translation.

Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is classically defined by its classic motor features. While research has largely focused on dopaminergic degeneration and impaired movement initiation, accumulating evidence implicates impaired response inhibition as an important yet underrecognized component of PD pathophysiology. This review aims to examine the role of response inhibition in PD.

Methods: This review summarizes the principal behavioral paradigms for assessing response inhibition, notably the stop-signal task and Go/No-Go paradigms, and examines their neural underpinnings within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network. It further explores the relationship between disrupted inhibitory control and clinical manifestations of PD, and discusses the implications for therapeutic management.

Results: Impaired inhibitory control contributes to distinct characteristic clinical features of PD, such as bradykinesia, freezing of gait, and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurocircuit evidence highlights the critical role of response inhibition within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network, with implications for early diagnosis, patient stratification, and treatment optimization.

Discussion: Incorporating response inhibition into both basic scientific and clinical research frameworks is warranted. A deeper mechanistic understanding of inhibitory dysfunction will be crucial for improving early diagnosis, refining patient stratification, and optimizing treatment. Moreover, establishing dynamic assessment tools that capture the heterogeneity of inhibitory deficits may further enable personalized and targeted interventions. By linking circuit-level dysfunction to clinical outcomes, this review underscores the critical role of response inhibition in PD and provides a framework for developing more precise therapeutic strategies.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of a regional specialist collaborative network management model centered on provincial Parkinson’s disease (PD) centers on spatiotemporal gait parameters and medical costs in PD patients, and to explore the assessment value of objective gait indicators and their health economic implications in the chronic disease management of PD.

Methods: A multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 366 PD patients treated at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between January 2022 and January 2024 were enrolled. Patients were assigned to a standardized management group (n = 192) or a conventional treatment group (n = 174) based on residential coverage within four designated regional specialist alliance units in Jiangxi Province and willingness to undergo regular follow-up. The standardized management group received unified training from the provincial center, remote guidance, and multidisciplinary integrated management, whereas the conventional treatment group received routine outpatient follow-up. In both groups, spatiotemporal gait parameters—including gait speed, stride length, step frequency, double support phase, swing phase, and stride length variability—were collected using an inertial measurement unit system at baseline, month 6, and month 12. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to assess intervention effects, and Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to examine the associations between the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS-III) improvement rate and spatiotemporal gait parameters. PD-related medical costs during 0–6 months and 7–12 months were also collected, encompassing medication costs and non-medication costs (fall-related injuries, rehabilitation, assistive devices, home care, and referrals).

Results: Significant time effects, group effects, and interaction effects were observed for gait speed, stride length, step frequency, double support phase, swing phase, and stride length variability (p < 0.05). Notably, for step frequency, while group effects and interaction effects were significant (p < 0.001), the time effect did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.100). In the standardized management group, step length, gait speed, stride length, and swing phase progressively increased, while double support phase and stride length variability progressively decreased; the conventional treatment group exhibited opposite or fluctuating trends. In the standardized management group, the UPDRS-III improvement rate was significantly correlated with stride length variability (r = −0.738), gait speed (r = 0.707), and stride length (r = 0.690). Although similar trends were observed in the conventional treatment group, the correlation coefficients were attenuated, indicating divergent gait-symptom transformation patterns. Total medical costs in the standardized management group increased gradually. Compared with the conventional treatment group, cost increments at month 6 and month 12 were reduced by 23.9% and 34.8%, respectively (Z = −4.907, p < 0.001; Z = −8.447, p < 0.001), with particularly pronounced reductions in non-medication costs (fall-related injuries and rehabilitation expenses).

Conclusion: A regional collaborative network management model centered on provincial specialist centers significantly improves gait stability and motor symptoms in PD patients, reduces fall-related medical expenditures through gait optimization, and demonstrates clear health economic advantages.