Green Doping and Dual-Mode Confinement in SnS₂‒P‒SPAN Anodes: Unveiling High-Performance Sodium/Potassium Ion Full-Cells Across the Wide Temperature Ranges

Abstract

Tin sulfide (SnS₂) is a promising anode material for sodium/potassium-ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) due to its large interlayer spacing and high theoretical capacity. However, its application is hindered by sluggish kinetics, volume expansion, and low conductivity. In this work, a synergistic engineering route is proposed that combining environmentally friendly chlorella with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) to achieve green doping and dual-mode confinement SnS₂-based anode. The SPAN matrix prevents SnS₂ agglomeration, enhances charge transfer, and improves structural stability, while phosphorus (P) doping accelerates “solid‒solid” conversion kinetics. The SnS₂‒P‒SPAN anode demonstrates outstanding sodium/potassium storage performance across a wide temperature range (‒40°C to 70°C), delivering high reversible capacities, excellent rate capability, and exceptional long-term cycling stability. The reliability of the as-developed strategy in a SnS₂‒P‒SPAN//NaNi_0.4Fe_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ full cell is also verified, which shows strong practical potential with high capacity and long durability (241 mAh g⁻¹/800 cycles/0.5 A g⁻¹/25°C; 159 mAh g⁻¹/400 cycles/0.5 A g⁻¹/60°C; 105 mAh g⁻¹/800 cycles/0.5 A g⁻¹/‒15°C). The associated electrochemical mechanisms of SnS₂‒P‒SPAN are elucidated through comprehensive electrochemical tests, in/ex situ analyses. The theoretical calculation unveil that P-doping helps to enhance the adsorption capacity of the Na⁺ and discharge products. This work may pave the way for developing promising yet imperfect electrode materials in the field of energy storage.

Keywords

accelerate the “solid‒solid” conversion / Na/K storage / wide temperature range

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