The Phase Separation Control in All-Polymer Solar Cells

Abstract

All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) are of interest owing to their unique advantages, including remarkably improved device stability and exceptional mechanical stretchability. Over recent years, there has been a notable increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all-PSCs, largely attributed to advancements in the morphology control of the active layer. Notably, the domain size is of paramount importance as it impacts critical factors such as exciton dissociation, charge transport, and collection. However, the low glass transition temperature of conjugated polymers, coupled with a minimal change in mixing entropy, often results in an excessive degree of phase separation. Consequently, it is essential to comprehend the evolution of phase separation and develop strategies to regulate the domain size. In this review, we elucidate the key parameters that contribute to the enhancement of phase separation and present qualitative and quantitative characterization techniques for domain size. Building on this foundation, we introduce the strategies and principles for regulating domain sizes, encompassing factors such as crystallinity, miscibility, and molecular conformation from a thermodynamic perspective, as well as the film-forming kinetics and the crystallization sequence from a kinetic perspective. Lastly, we offer insights into the current challenges and potential future prospects for the evolution of all-PSCs.

Keywords

all-polymer solar cells / kinetics / morphology / phase separation / thermodynamics

References

[1] C. Li, J. Zhou, J. Song, et al., “Non-Fullerene Acceptors with Branched Side Chains and Improved Molecular Packing to Exceed 18% Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells,” Nature energy 6, no. 6 (2021): 605-613.

[2] Z. Dai, C. Duan, Q. Guo, et al., “Fluorine Substitutions Engineering of Benzotriazole-based Hole Transport Polymers toward High-performance CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Solar Cells,” Battery Energy 3, no. 4 (2024): 20230065.

[3] X. Dong, Y. Tang, Y. Li, et al., “Boosting MA-based Two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite Solar Cells by Incorporating a Binary Spacer,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 95 (2024): 348-356.

[4] Y. Lu, Q. Wang, L. Han, et al., “Spintronic Phenomena and Applications in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 27 (2024): 202314427.

[5] Q. Zhang, X. Gao, X. Liu, et al., “Flexible Wearable Energy Storage Devices: Materials, Structures, and Applications,” Battery Energy 3, no. 2 (2024): 20230061.

[6] J. Jeon, S. Hosoya, M. Saito, I. Osaka, H. Ohkita, and H. D. Kim, “Photon Energy Loss in Ternary Polymer Solar Cells Based on Nonfullerene Acceptor as a Third Component,” Battery Energy 3, no. 5 (2024): 20240011.

[7] Q. He, P. Ufimkin, F. Aniés, et al., “Molecular Engineering of Y-series Acceptors for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells,” SusMat 2, no. 5 (2022): 591-606.

[8] J. Yuan, Y. Zhang, L. Zhou, et al., “Single-junction Organic Solar Cell with over 15% Efficiency Using Fused-ring Acceptor with Electron-deficient Core,” Joule 3, no. 4 (2019): 1140-1151.

[9] J. Xin, C. Zhao, Z. Geng, et al., “Elucidate the Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Y6-based Organic Solar Cells by Establishing Structure-property Correlation,” Advanced Energy Materials 14, no. 30 (2024): 202401433.

[10] F. Qiao, K. Sun, H. Chu, et al., “Design Strategies of ZnO Heterojunction Arrays towards Effective Photovoltaic Applications,” Battery Energy 1, no. 1 (2022): 20210008.

[11] Z. Wang, H. Wang, L. Yang, et al., “Selenophene-fused Perylene Diimide-based Cathode Interlayer Enables 19 % Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells via Stimulative Charge Extraction,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 37 (2024): 202404921.

[12] J. Yao, Q. Chen, C. Zhang, et al., “Perylene-diimide-based Cathode Interlayer Materials for High Performance Organic Solar Cells,” SusMat 2, no. 3 (2022): 243-263.

[13] H. Tang, Y. Bai, H. Zhao, et al., “Interface eEngineering for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 16 (2023): 202212236.

[14] Y. Jiang, S. Sun, R. Xu, et al., “Non-Fullerene Acceptor with Asymmetric Structure and Phenyl-Substituted Alkyl Side Chain for 20.2% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells,” Nature energy 9, no. 8 (2024): 975-986.

[15] Y. Sun, L. Wang, C. Guo, et al., “π-extended Nonfullerene Acceptor for Compressed Molecular Packing in Organic Solar Cells to Achieve over 20% Efficiency,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 146, no. 17 (2024): 12011-12019.

[16] N. Wei, J. Chen, Y. Cheng, et al., “Constructing Multiscale Fibrous Morphology to Achieve 20% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells by Mixing High and Low Molecular Weight D18,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 41 (2024): 202408934.

[17] L. Zhu, M. Zhang, G. Zhou, et al., “Achieving 20.8% Organic Solar Cells via Additive-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Fabrication with Bulk p-i-n Structure and Improved Optical Management,” Joule 8 (2024): 1-16.

[18] Z. Liang, L. Yan, N. Wang, et al., “Effect of 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene Solvent Additive on the Crystallization of Donors and Acceptors, and Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Polymer Solar Cells,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 13 (2023): 202310312.

[19] J. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Liu, et al., “Solution Sequential Deposition Pseudo-Planar Heterojunction: An Efficient Strategy for State-of-Art Organic Solar Cells,” Small Methods (2024).

[20] Y. Wang, Z. Liang, X. Li, et al., “Self-doping n-type Polymer as a Cathode Interface Layer Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells by Increasing Built-in Electric Field and Boosting Interface Contact,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 36 (2019): 11152-11159.

[21] P. Cheng, C. Yan, Y. Wu, et al., “Alloy Acceptor: Superior Alternative to PCBM toward Efficient and Stable Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Materials 28, no. 36 (2016): 8021-8028.

[22] W. Ma, G. Yang, K. Jiang, et al., “Influence of Processing Parameters and Molecular Weight on the Morphology and Properties of High-Performance PffBT4T-2OD:PC₇₁BM Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Energy Materials 5, no. 23 (2015): 201501400.

[23] K. Liu, Y. Jiang, G. Ran, et al., “19.7% Efficiency Binary Organic Solar Cells Achieved by Selective Core Fluorination of Nonfullerene Electron Acceptors,” Joule 8, no. 3 (2024): 835-851.

[24] X. Liu, Z. Liang, S. Du, et al., “Two Compatible Acceptors as an Alloy Model with a Halogen-free Solvent for Efficient Ternary Polymer Solar Cells,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 7 (2022): 9386-9397.

[25] Z. Wang, X. Wang, L. Tu, et al., “Dithienoquinoxalineimide-Based Polymer Donor Enables all-polymer Solar Cells over 19 % Efficiency,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 21 (2024): 202319755.

[26] P. Wu, Y. Duan, Y. Li, et al., “18.6% Efficiency all-polymer Solar Cells Enabled by a Wide Bandgap Polymer Donor Based on Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]Bisthiazole,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 3 (2023): 202306990.

[27] Y. Wu, Y. Yuan, D. Sorbelli, et al., “Tuning Polymer-backbone Coplanarity and Conformational Order to Achieve High-Performance Printed all-polymer Solar Cells,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 2170.

[28] S. Smeets, Q. Liu, J. Vanderspikken, et al., “Structurally Pure and Reproducible Polymer Materials for High-performance Organic Solar Cells,” Chemistry of Materials 35, no. 19 (2023): 8158-8169.

[29] J. Song, C. Li, H. Ma, et al., “Optimizing Double-fibril Network Morphology via Solid Additive Strategy Enables Binary all-polymer Solar Cells with 19.50% Efficiency,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 36 (2024): 202406922.

[30] J. Wang, T. Chen, W. Zhao, et al., “Effective Regulation of Morphologies and Exciton-Generation Process Enables Quasi-planar all-polymer Organic Solar Cells Exceed 18% Efficiency,” Advanced Functional Materials 35 (2024): 2414941.

[31] D. Chen, S. Liu, X. Hu, et al., “Printable and Stable all-polymer Solar Cells Based on Non-Conjugated Polymer Acceptors with Excellent Mechanical Robustness,” SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry 65, no. 1 (2021): 182-189.

[32] Q. Fan, W. Su, S. Chen, et al., “Mechanically Robust all-Polymer Solar Cells from Narrow Band Gap Acceptors with Hetero-bridging Atoms,” Joule 4, no. 3 (2020): 658-672.

[33] J. W. Lee, C. Sun, B. S. Ma, et al., “Efficient, Thermally Stable, and Mechanically Robust All-Polymer Solar Cells Consisting of the Same Benzodithiophene Unit-based Polymer Acceptor and Donor with High Molecular Compatibility,” Advanced Energy Materials 11, no. 5 (2020): 202003367.

[34] J. J. M. Halls, C. A. Walsh, N. C. Greenham, et al., “Efficient Photodiodes from Interpenetrating Polymer Networks,” Nature 376, no. 6540 (1995): 498-500.

[35] G. Yu and A. J. Heeger, “Charge Separation and Photovoltaic Conversion in Polymer Composites with Internal Donor/Acceptor Heterojunctions,” Journal of Applied Physics 78, no. 7 (1995): 4510-4515.

[36] R. Zeng, L. Zhu, M. Zhang, et al., “All-polymer Organic Solar Cells with Nano-to-micron Hierarchical Morphology and Large Light Receiving Angle,” Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 4148.

[37] A. J. Breeze, Z. Schlesinger, S. A. Carter, et al., “Improving Power Efficiencies in Polymer-polymer Blend Photovoltaics,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 83, no. 2 (2004): 263-271.

[38] M. M. Koetse, J. Sweelssen, K. T. Hoekerd, et al., “Efficient Polymer:Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells,” Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 8 (2006): 083504.

[39] Y. Cao, T. Lei, J. Yuan, et al., “Dithiazolyl-benzothiadiazole-containing Polymer Acceptors: Synthesis, Characterization, and All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Polymer Chemistry 4, no. 20 (2013): 5228-5236.

[40] E. Zhou, J. Cong, M. Zhao, et al., “Synthesis and Application of Poly(fluorene-alt-naphthalene diimide) as an n-type Polymer for all-polymer Solar Cells,” Chemical Communications 48, no. 43 (2012): 5283-5285.

[41] C. R. McNeill, A. Abrusci, J. Zaumseil, et al., “Dual Electron Donor/Electron Acceptor Character of a Conjugated Polymer in Efficient Photovoltaic Diodes,” Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 19 (2007): 193506.

[42] Y. Zhou, Q. Yan, Y. Zheng, et al., “New Polymer Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells: The Effect of Regio-Regularity and Device Configuration,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 22 (2013): 6609-6613.

[43] W. Li, Y. An, M. M. Wienk, et al., “Polymer-polymer Solar Cells with a Near-Infrared Spectral Response,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 13 (2015): 6756-6760.

[44] D. Mori, H. Benten, H. Ohkita, et al., “Polymer/Polymer Blend Solar Cells Improved by Using High-molecular-weight Fluorene-based Copolymer as Electron Acceptor,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 7 (2012): 3325-3329.

[45] S. Liu, Z. Kan, S. Thomas, et al., “Thieno[3,4-c]Pyrrole-4,6-Dione-3,4-Difluorothiophene Polymer Acceptors for Efficient All-Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55, no. 42 (2016): 12996-13000.

[46] G. Shi, J. Yuan, X. Huang, et al., “Combinative Effect of Additive and Thermal Annealing Processes Delivers High Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 45 (2015): 25298-25306.

[47] H. Sun, Y. Tang, C. W. Koh, et al., “High-Performance All-Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by an n-type Polymer Based on a Fluorinated Imide-Functionalized Arene,” Advanced Materials 31, no. 15 (2019): 201807220.

[48] C. Mu, P. Liu, W. Ma, et al., “High-Wfficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells Based on a Pair of Crystalline Low-Bandgap Polymers,” Advanced Materials 26, no. 42 (2014): 7224-7230.

[49] L. Ye, X. Jiao, M. Zhou, et al., “Manipulating Aggregation and Molecular Orientation in All-Polymer Photovoltaic Cells,” Advanced Materials 27, no. 39 (2015): 6046-6054.

[50] Z. Zhang, Y. Yang, J. Yao, et al., “Constructing a Strongly Absorbing Low-bandgap Polymer Acceptor for High-Performance All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 129, no. 43 (2017): 13688-13692.

[51] A. Tang, J. Li, B. Zhang, et al., “Low-bandgap n-type Polymer Based on a Fused-DAD-type Heptacyclic Ring for All-Polymer Solar Cell Application with a Power Conversion Efficiency of 10.7%,” ACS Macro Letters 9, no. 5 (2020): 706-712.

[52] J. Du, K. Hu, L. Meng, et al., “High-performance all-polymer Solar Cells: Synthesis of Polymer Acceptor by a Random Ternary Copolymerization Strategy,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 35 (2020): 15181-15185.

[53] D. Chen, S. Liu, B. Huang, et al., “Rational Regulation of the Molecular Aggregation Enables a Facile Blade-coating Process of Large-area all-polymer Solar Cells with Record Efficiency,” Small 18, no. 20 (2022): 202200734.

[54] Q. Fan, H. Fu, Q. Wu, et al., “Multi-Selenophene-Containing Narrow Bandgap Polymer Acceptors for All-Polymer Solar Cells with over 15 % Efficiency and High Reproducibility,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60, no. 29 (2021): 15935-15943.

[55] L. Zhang, T. Jia, L. Pan, et al., “15.4% Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells,” SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry 64, no. 3 (2021): 408-412.

[56] Q. Wu, W. Wang, Y. Wu, et al., “Tailoring Polymer Acceptors by Electron Linkers for Achieving Efficient and Stable all-polymer Solar Cells,” National Science Review 9, no. 2 (2022): nwab151.

[57] F. Peng, K. An, W. Zhong, et al., “A Universal Fluorinated Polymer Acceptor Enables all-polymer Solar Cells with >15% Efficiency,” ACS Energy Letters 5, no. 12 (2020): 3702-3707.

[58] L. Ma, H. Yao, J. Zhang, et al., “Morphology Control by Tuning Electrostatic Interactions for Efficient Polythiophene-Based All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse, Germany) 9, no. 9 (2023): 2518-2529.

[59] J. Jia, Q. Huang, T. Jia, et al., “Fine-Tuning Batch Factors of Polymer Acceptors Enables a Binary all-polymer Solar Cell with High Efficiency of 16.11%,” Advanced Energy Materials 12, no. 3 (2021): 202103193.

[60] M. Deng, X. Xu, W. Qiu, et al., “Improving Miscibility of Polymer Donor and Polymer Acceptor by Reducing Chain Entanglement for Realizing 18.64 % Efficiency All Polymer Solar Cells,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 35 (2024): 202405243.

[61] J. Wang, Y. Cui, Y. Xu, et al., “A New Polymer Donor Enables Binary all-polymer Organic Photovoltaic Cells with 18% Efficiency and Excellent Mechanical Robustness,” Advanced Materials 34, no. 35 (2022): 202205009.

[62] T. Zhang, Y. Xu, H. Yao, et al., “Suppressing the Energetic Disorder of All-Polymer Solar Cells Enables over 18% Efficiency,” Energy & Environmental Science 16, no. 4 (2023): 1581-1589.

[63] Y. Li, Z. Jia, Q. Zhang, et al., “Toward Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells via Halogenation on Polymer Acceptors,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 29 (2020): 33028-33038.

[64] Q. Fan, W. Su, S. Chen, et al., “A Non-Conjugated Polymer Acceptor for Efficient and Thermally Stable all-polymer Solar Cells,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, no. 45 (2020): 19835-19840.

[65] S. Huang, F. Wu, Z. Liu, et al., “Novel Polymer Acceptors Achieving 10.18% Efficiency for All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 53 (2021): 63-68.

[66] H. Yao, F. Bai, H. Hu, et al., “Efficient all-polymer Solar Cells Based on a New Polymer Acceptor Achieving 10.3% Power Conversion Efficiency,” ACS Energy Letters 4, no. 2 (2019): 417-422.

[67] J. Wu, Y. Meng, X. Guo, et al., “All-polymer Solar Cells Based on a Novel Narrow-bandgap Polymer Acceptor with Power Conversion Efficiency over 10%,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 27 (2019): 16190-16196.

[68] Y. Meng, J. Wu, X. Guo, et al., “11.2% Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells with High Open-circuit Voltage,” SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry 62, no. 7 (2019): 845-850.

[69] H. Yao, L. K. Ma, H. Yu, et al., “All-Polymer Solar Cells with over 12% Efficiency and a Small Voltage Loss Enabled by a Polymer Acceptor Based on an Extended Fused Ring Core,” Advanced Energy Materials 10, no. 35 (2020): 202001408.

[70] W. Wang, Q. Wu, R. Sun, et al., “Controlling Molecular Mass of Low-band-gap Polymer Acceptors for High-performance all-polymer Solar Cells,” Joule 4, no. 5 (2020): 1070-1086.

[71] H. Yu, S. Luo, R. Sun, et al., “A Difluoro-Monobromo End Group Enables High-Performance Polymer Acceptor and Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells Processable with Green Solvent under Ambient Condition,” Advanced Functional Materials 31, no. 25 (2021): 202100791.

[72] Z. Luo, T. Liu, R. Ma, et al., “Precisely Controlling the Position of Bromine on the End Group Enables Well-regular Polymer Acceptors for all-polymer Solar Cells with Efficiencies over 15%,” Advanced Materials 32, no. 48 (2020): 202005942.

[73] H. Sun, B. Liu, Y. Ma, et al., “Regioregular Narrow-bandgap n-type Polymers with High Electron Mobility Enabling Highly Efficient all-polymer Solar Cells,” Advanced Materials 33, no. 37 (2021): 202102635.

[74] H. Fu, Q. Fan, W. Gao, et al., “16.3% Efficiency Binary all-polymer Solar Cells Enabled by a Novel Polymer Acceptor with an Asymmetrical Selenophene-fused Backbone,” SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry 65, no. 2 (2021): 309-317.

[75] H. Yu, Y. Wang, H. K. Kim, et al., “A Vinylene-linker-based Polymer Acceptor Featuring a Coplanar and Rigid Molecular Conformation Enables High-performance all-polymer Solar Cells with over 17% Efficiency,” Advanced Materials 34, no. 27 (2022): 202200361.

[76] D. Qiu, H. Zhang, C. Tian, et al., “Central Core Substitutions and Film-Formation Process Optimization Enable Approaching 19% Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Advanced Materials 35, no. 51 (2023): 202307398.

[77] J. Xin, W. Li, Y. Zhang, et al., “A Review of Nonfullerene Solar Cells: Insight into the Correlation among Molecular Structure, Morphology, and Device Performance,” Battery Energy 2, no. 2 (2022): 20220040.

[78] Q. Liang, Y. Chang, C. Liang, et al., “Application of Crystallization Kinetics Strategy in Morphology Control of Solar Cells Based on Nonfullerene Blends,” Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 39, no. 7 (2023): 202212006.

[79] Q. Liang, M. Duan, Z. Geng, et al., “Regulation of Molecular Orientation in Organic Solar Cells,” Journal of Chemical Engineering 488 (2024): 150783.

[80] J. Liu, X. Liu, J. Xin, et al., “Dual Function of the Third Component in Ternary Organic Solar Cells: Broaden the Spectrum and Optimize the Morphology,” Small 20, no. 24 (2024): 202308863.

[81] Z. Liu, M. Zhang, L. Zhang, et al., “Over 19.1% Efficiency for Sequentially Spin-coated Polymer Solar Cells by Employing Ternary Strategy,” Journal of Chemical Engineering 471 (2023): 144711.

[82] Q. Liang, Z. Hu, J. Yao, et al., “Blending Donors with Different Molecular Weights: An Efficient Strategy to Resolve the Conflict between Coherence Length and Intermixed Phase in Polymer/Nonfullerene Solar Cells,” Small 18, no. 3 (2021): 202103804.

[83] J. Liu, Y. Yin, K. Wang, et al., “Domain Size Control in all-polymer Solar Cells,” Iscience 25, no. 4 (2022): 104090.

[84] K. Gao, S. B. Jo, X. Shi, et al., “Over 12% Efficiency Nonfullerene All-Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Sequentially Evolved Multilength Scale Morphologies,” Advanced Materials 31, no. 12 (2019): 201807842.

[85] J. Liu, H. Lu, Y. Yin, et al., “Thermodynamic and Kinetic Insights for Regulating Molecular Orientation in Nonfullerene All-Small-Molecule Solar Cells,” Battery Energy 1, no. 3 (2022): 20220013.

[86] W. Xu, X. Zhu, X. Ma, et al., “Achieving 15.81% and 15.29% Efficiency of All-Polymer Solar Cells Based on Layer-by-layer and Bulk Heterojunction Structures,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 25 (2022): 13492-13499.

[87] H. Zhou, Y. Sun, M. Zhang, et al., “Over 18.2% Efficiency of Layer-by-Layer All-Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Homoleptic Iridium(III) Carbene Complex as Solid Additive,” Science Bulletin 69, no. 18 (2024): 2862-2869.

[88] J. W. Lee, J. Kim, T. H. Nguyen, et al., “High Efficiency and Thermally Stable Ternary All-Polymer Solar Cells Achieved by Alloyed Vinyl-Linked Polymerized Small-Molecule Acceptors,” Nano Energy 122 (2024): 109338.

[89] Y. Guo, D. Li, Y. Gao, and C. Li, “Recent Progress on Stability of Organic Solar Cells Based on Non-Fullerene Acceptors,” Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 40, no. 6 (2024): 202306050.

[90] R. Li, S. Liang, Y. Xu, et al., “Chlorine-Substituted Double-Cable Conjugated Polymers with Near-Infrared Absorption for Low Energy Loss Single-Component Organic Solar Cells,” Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 40, no. 8 (2024): 202307037.

[91] A. D. de Zerio and C. Müller, “Glass Forming Acceptor Alloys for Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable Ternary Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 28 (2018): 201702741.

[92] Y. Wang, X. Jiang, H. Song, et al., “Thickness-Insensitive, Cyano-Modified Perylene Diimide Derivative as a Cathode Interlayer Material for High-efficiency Organic Solar Cells,” Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 41, no. 3 (2025): 202406007.

[93] S. C. Veenstra, J. Loos, and J. M. Kroon, “Nanoscale Structure of Solar Cells Based on Pure Conjugated Polymer Blends,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 15, no. 8 (2007): 727-740.

[94] M. Gao, Z. Liang, Y. Geng, et al., “Significance of Thermodynamic Interaction Parameters in Guiding the Optimization of Polymer: Nonfullerene Solar Cells,” Chemical Communications 56, no. 83 (2020): 12463-12478.

[95] G. Wang, F. S. Melkonyan, A. Facchetti, et al., “All-Polymer Solar Cells: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Prospects,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 13 (2019): 4129-4142.

[96] C. Lee, S. Lee, G.-U. Kim, W. Lee, and B. J. Kim, “Recent Advances, Design Guidelines, and Prospects of All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Chemical Reviews 119, no. 13 (2019): 8028-8086.

[97] H. Kang, W. Lee, J. Oh, T. Kim, C. Lee, and B. J. Kim, “From Fullerene-Polymer to All-Polymer Solar Cells: The Importance of Molecular Packing, Orientation, and Morphology Control,” Accounts of Chemical Research 49, no. 11 (2016): 2424-2434.

[98] T. Kurosawa, X. Gu, K. L. Gu, et al., “Understanding the Impact of Oligomeric Polystyrene Side Chain Arrangement on the All-Polymer Solar Cell Performance,” Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 2 (2017): 201701552.

[99] R. Xie, A. R. Weisen, Y. Lee, et al., “Glass Transition Temperature from the Chemical Structure of Conjugated Polymers,” Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020): 893.

[100] X. Xia, T. K. Lau, X. Guo, et al., “Uncovering the Out-of-Plane Nanomorphology of Organic Photovoltaic Bulk Heterojunction by GTSAXS,” Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (2021): 6226.

[101] F. Zhao, C. Wang, and X. Zhan, “Morphology Control in Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced energy materials 8, no. 28 (2018): 201703147.

[102] G. Renaud, R. Lazzari, and F. Leroy, “Probing Surface and Interface Morphology with Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-Ray Scattering,” Surface Science Reports 64, no. 8 (2009): 255-380.

[103] X. Lu, K. G. Yager, D. Johnston, et al., “Grazing-incidence Transmission X-Ray Scattering: Surface Scattering in the Born Approximation,” Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 1 (2013): 165-172.

[104] J. W. Lee, C. Sun, S.-W. Lee, et al., “Sequentially Regular Polymer Acceptors Featuring Flexible Spacers for High-performance and Mechanically Robust all-polymer Solar Cells,” Energy & Environmental Science 15, no. 11 (2022): 4672-4685.

[105] B. A. Collins, Z. Li, J. R. Tumbleston, et al., “Absolute Measurement of Domain Composition and Nanoscale Size Distribution Explains Performance in PTB7:PC₇₁BM Solar Cells,” Advanced Energy Materials 3, no. 1 (2012): 65-74.

[106] S. Chen, D. Meng, J. Huang, et al., “Symmetry-Induced Orderly Assembly Achieving High-Performance Perylene Diimide-Based Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells,” CCS Chem (2021): 78-84.

[107] A. A. Shafe, H. M. Schrickx, K. Ding, et al., “Rubber-toughened Organic Solar Cells: Miscibility-Morphology-Performance Relations,” ACS Energy Letters 8, no. 9 (2023): 3720-3726.

[108] F. Liu, M. A. Brady, and C. Wang, “Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering for Polymer Materials,” European Polymer Journal 81 (2016): 555-568.

[109] X. Guo, Q. Fan, J. Wu, et al., “Optimized Active Layer Morphologies via Ternary Copolymerization of Polymer Donors for 17.6 % Efficiency Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Fill Factor,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 60, no. 5 (2021): 2322-2329.

[110] J. Rivnay, S. C. Mannsfeld, C. E. Miller, et al., “Quantitative Determination of Organic Semiconductor Microstructure from the Molecular to Device Scale,” Chemical reviews 112, no. 10 (2012): 5488-5519.

[111] F. Liu, D. Chen, C. Wang, et al., “Molecular Weight Dependence of the Morphology in P3HT:PCBM Solar Cells,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 22 (2014): 19876-19887.

[112] D. Chen, A. Nakahara, D. Wei, et al., “P3HT/PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics: Correlating Efficiency and Morphology,” Nano Letters 11, no. 2 (2011): 561-567.

[113] M. Y. Chiu, U. S. Jeng, C. H. Su, et al., “Simultaneous Use of Small-and Wide-angle X-ray Techniques to Analyze Nanometerscale Phase Separation in Polymer Heterojunction Solar Cells,” Advanced Materials 20, no. 13 (2008): 2573-2578.

[114] T. P. Russell and R. S. Stein, “Small-angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering Studies of Amorphous Polymer Blends,” Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering 20, no. 9 (1982): 1593-1607.

[115] H. C. Liao, C. S. Tsao, T. H. Lin, et al., “Quantitative Nanoorganized Structural Evolution for a High Efficiency Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cell,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 33 (2011): 13064-13073.

[116] Y. Yoneda, “Anomalous Surface Reflection of X Rays,” Phy Rev 131, no. 5 (1963): 2010-2013.

[117] M. Kotlarchyk, R. B. Stephens, and J. S. Huang, “Study of Schultz Distribution to Model Polydispersity of Microemulsion Droplets,” Journal of Physical Chemistry 92, no. 6 (1988): 1533-1538.

[118] J. S. Pedersen, “Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Data from Colloids and Polymer Solutions: Modeling and Least-squares Fitting,” Adv Colloid Interfac 70 (1997): 171-210.

[119] G. Nägele, “On the Dynamics and Structure of Charge-stabilized Suspensions,” Physics Reports 272, no. 5 (1996): 215-372.

[120] R. Erni, M. D. Rossell, C. Kisielowski, et al., “Atomic-Resolution Imaging with a Sub-50-pm Electron Probe,” Physical Review Letter 102, no. 9 (2009): 096101.

[121] J. Song, M. Zhang, M. Yuan, et al., “Morphology Characterization of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells,” Small Methods 2, no. 3 (2018): 201700229.

[122] K. Zhou, J. Liu, M. Li, et al., “Phase Diagram of Conjugated Polymer Blend P3HT/PF12TBT and the Morphology-dependent Photovoltaic Performance,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119, no. 4 (2015): 1729-1736.

[123] Z. Liang, J. He, B. Zhao, et al., “8.30% Efficiency P3HT-based All-polymer Solar Cells Enabled by a Miscible Polymer Acceptor with High Energy Levels and Efficient Electron Transport,” SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry 66, no. 1 (2022): 216-227.

[124] K. Zhou, K. Xian, Q. Qi, et al., “Unraveling the Correlations between Mechanical Properties, Miscibility, and Film Microstructure in all-polymer Photovoltaic Cells,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 30 (2022): 202201781.

[125] A. Armin, W. Li, O. J. Sandberg, et al., “A History and Perspective of Non-Fullerene Electron Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Energy Materials 11, no. 15 (2021): 202003570.

[126] L. F. Drummy, R. J. Davis, D. L. Moore, et al., “Molecular-scale and Nanoscale Morphology of P3HT:PCBM Bulk Heterojunctions: Energy-Filtered TEM and Low-dose HREM,” Chemistry of Materials 23, no. 3 (2010): 907-912.

[127] S. N. Magonov, V. Elings, and M. H. Whangbo, “Phase Imaging and Stiffness in Tapping-mode Atomic Force Microscopy,” Surface Science 375, no. 2 (1997): L385-L391.

[128] B. Grévin, R. Demadrille, M. Linares, et al., “Probing the Local Conformation within π-Conjugated One-Dimensional Supramolecular Stacks Using Frequency Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy,” Advanced Materials 21, no. 41 (2009): 4124-4129.

[129] H. Bin, Y. Yang, Z. Zhang, et al., “9.73% efficiency Nonfullerene all Organic Small Molecule Solar Cells with Absorption-complementary Donor and Acceptor,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 139, no. 14 (2017): 5085-5094.

[130] K. Xian, K. Zhou, M. Li, et al., “Simultaneous Optimization of Efficiency, Stretchability, and Stability in All-Polymer Solar Cells via Aggregation Control,” Chinese J Chem 41, no. 2 (2022): 159-166.

[131] B. Qiu, Z. Chen, S. Qin, et al., “Highly Efficient All-small-molecule Organicsolar Cells with Appropriate Active Layer Morphology by Side Chain Engineering of Donor Molecules and Thermal Annealing,” Advanced Materials 32, no. 21 (2020): 1908373.

[132] L. Zhu, M. Zhang, J. Xu, et al., “Single-junction Organic Solar Cells with over 19% Efficiency Enabled by a Refined Double-fibril Network Morphology,” Nature Materials 21, no. 6 (2022): 656-663.

[133] P. Bi, J. Wang, Y. Cui, et al., “Enhancing Photon Utilization Efficiency for High-performance Organic Photovoltaic Cells via Regulating Phase-transition Kinetics,” Advanced Materials 35, no. 16 (2023): e2210865.

[134] K. L. Gu, Y. Zhou, W. A. Morrison, et al., “Nanoscale Domain Imaging of All-Polymer Organic Solar Cells by Photo-Induced Force Microscopy,” ACS Nano 12, no. 2 (2018): 1473-1481.

[135] C. Lee, Y. Li, W. Lee, et al., “Correlation between Phase-separated Domain Sizes of Active Layer and Photovoltaic Performances in all-polymer Solar Cells,” Macromolecules 49, no. 14 (2016): 5051-5058.

[136] S. Engmann, F. A. Bokel, H. W. Ro, et al., “Real-time Photoluminescence Studies of Structure Evolution in Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Energy Materials 6, no. 10 (2016): 201502011.

[137] J. Wang, Y. Wang, K. Xian, et al., “Regulating Phase Separation Kinetics for High-efficiency and Mechanically Robust All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 1 (2023): 202305424.

[138] G. U. Kim, C. Choi, D. Jeong, et al., “Highly Efficient and Robust Ternary All-Polymer Solar Cells Achieved by Electro-active Polymer Compatibilizers,” Advanced Energy Materials 13, no. 39 (2023): 202302125.

[139] J. Xin, X. Meng, X. Xu, et al., “Cold Crystallization Temperature Correlated Phase Separation, Performance, and Stability of Polymer Solar Cells,” Matter 1, no. 5 (2019): 1316-1330.

[140] Z. Wang, K. Gao, Y. Kan, et al., “The Coupling and Competition of Crystallization and Phase Separation, Correlating Thermodynamics and Kinetics in OPV Morphology and Performances,” Nature Communications 12 (2021): 232.

[141] A. Sharenko, M. Kuik, M. F. Toney, and T. Q. Nguyen, “Crystallization-induced Phase Separation in Solution-processed Small Molecule Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Functional Materials 24, no. 23 (2014): 3543-3550.

[142] L. Sung, A. Karim, J. F. Douglas, et al., “Dimensional Crossover in the Phase Separation Kinetics of Thin Polymer Blend Films,” Phys Rev Letts 76, no. 23 (1996): 4368-4371.

[143] W. Shi and C. C. Han, “Dynamic Competition between Crystallization and Phase Separation at the Growth Interface of a PMMA/PEO Blend,” Macromolecules 45, no. 1 (2011): 336-346.

[144] M. Xu, C. Wei, Y. Zhang, et al., “Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 1 (2024): 2301671.

[145] L. Ying, F. Huang, and G. C. Bazan, “Regioregular Narrow-Bandgap-Conjugated Polymers for Plastic Electronics,” Nature Communications 8 (2017): 14047.

[146] Q. Zhang, M. A. Kelly, N. Bauer, et al., “The Curious Case of Fluorination of Conjugated Polymers for Solar Cells,” Accounts of Chemical Research 50, no. 9 (2017): 2401-2409.

[147] B. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Sun, et al., “Backbone Configuration and Electronic Property Tuning of Imide-Functionalized Ladder-type Heteroarenes-Based Polymer Acceptors for Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 21 (2022): 202200065.

[148] J. Yang, B. Liu, J. W. Lee, et al., “Revisiting the Bithiophene Imide-based Polymer Donors: Molecular Aggregation and Orientation Control Enabling New Polymer Donors for High-performance all-polymer Solar Cells,” Chinese J Chem 40, no. 24 (2022): 2900-2908.

[149] T. Lei, J. Y. Wang, and J. Pei, “Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Property Relationships of Isoindigo-Based Conjugated Polymers,” Accounts of Chemical Research 47, no. 4 (2014): 1117-1126.

[150] M. An, Q. Liu, S. Y. Jeong, et al., “A Fluorinated Imide-functionalized Arene Enabling a Wide Bandgap Polymer Donor for Record-efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 47 (2024): 202410498.

[151] H. Bai, H. Zhang, H. Meng, et al., “Electron-Deficient Fused Dithieno-Benzothiadiazole-Bridged Polymer Acceptors for High-Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells with Low Energy Loss,” Mat Sci Eng R 163 (2025): 100916.

[152] J. Liu, J. Deng, Y. Zhu, et al., “Regulation of Polymer Configurations Enables Green Solvent-Processed Large-Area Binary All-Polymer Solar Cells with Breakthrough Performance and High Efficiency Stretchability Factor,” Advanced Materials 35, no. 1 (2023): 2208008.

[153] S. Seo, C. Sun, J. W. Lee, et al., “Importance of High-Electron Mobility in Polymer Acceptors for Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells: Combined Engineering of Backbone Building Unit and Regioregularity,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 5 (2021): 202108508.

[154] X. Gao, J. Gao, Z. Xue, et al., “Benzodithiophene-Modified Terpolymer Acceptors with Reduced Molecular Planarity and Crystallinity: Improved Performance and Stability for All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 33 (2019): 10338-10351.

[155] T. Marszalek, M. Li, and W. Pisula, “Design Directed Self-Assembly of Donor-acceptor Polymers,” Chemical Communications 52, no. 73 (2016): 10938-10947.

[156] L. Ding, Z. Yu, X. Wang, et al., “Polymer Semiconductors: Synthesis, Processing, and Applications,” Chemical reviews 123, no. 12 (2023): 7421-7497.

[157] Y. Wu, S. Schneider, C. Walter, et al., “Fine-Tuning Semiconducting Polymer Self-aggregation and Crystallinity Enables Optimal Morphology and High-performance Printed All-polymer Solar Cells,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 142, no. 1 (2020): 392-406.

[158] Y. Li, J. Song, Y. Dong, et al., “Polymerized Small Molecular Acceptor with Branched Side Chains for all Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency over 16.7,” Advanced Materials 34, no. 14 (2022): 2110155.

[159] Y. Yu, N. Wang, B. Meng, et al., “Effect of Alkyl Side Chains of Polymer Donors on Photovoltaic Performance of All-Polymer Solar Cells,” ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 1 (2020): 42-48.

[160] X. Cao and H. Fan, “A Uniform Understanding of Polymer Crystallization Models: Diffusion and Conformational Transition Model,” Polymer 309 (2024): 127464.

[161] J. Liu, S. Shao, H. Wang, et al., “The Mechanisms for Introduction of n-Dodecylthiol to Modify the P3HT/PCBM Morphology,” Organic Electronics 11, no. 5 (2010): 775-783.

[162] X. Cao, Z. Du, L. Chen, et al., “Long Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based Polymer Nanowires Prepared by Decreasing the Aggregate Speed of the Polymer in Solution,” Polymer 118 (2017): 135-142.

[163] X. Cao and Y. Han, “Control over the Aggregated Structure of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Films for High-mobility Organic Field-effect Transistors,” Aggregate 5, no. 3 (2024): e501.

[164] Q. Liang, X. Jiao, Y. Yan, et al., “Separating Crystallization Process of P3HT and O-IDTBR to Construct Highly Crystalline Interpenetrating Network with Optimized Vertical Phase Separation,” Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 47 (2019): 201807591.

[165] S. Samson, J. Rech, L. Perdigón-Toro, et al., “Organic Solar Cells with Large Insensitivity to Donor Polymer Molar Mass across all Acceptor Classes,” ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2, no. 11 (2020): 5300-5308.

[166] L. Ma, Y. Cui, J. Zhang, et al., “High-efficiency and Mechanically Robust All-polymer Organic Photovoltaic Cells Enabled by Optimized Fibril Network Morphology,” Advanced Materials 35, no. 9 (2023): 2208926.

[167] H. Kang, M. A. Uddin, C. Lee, et al., “Determining the Role of Polymer Molecular Weight for High-performance all-polymer Solar Cells: Its Effect on Polymer Aggregation and Phase Separation,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 137, no. 6 (2015): 2359-2365.

[168] N. B. Kolhe, H. Lee, D. Kuzuhara, et al., “All-polymer Solar Cells with 9.4% Efficiency from Naphthalene Diimide-Biselenophene Copolymer Acceptor,” Chemistry of Materials 30, no. 18 (2018): 6540-6548.

[169] N. Zhou, A. S. Dudnik, T. I. Li, et al., “All-polymer Solar Cell Performance Optimized via Systematic Molecular Weight Tuning of both Donor and Acceptor Polymers,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 138, no. 4 (2016): 1240-1251.

[170] Y. Zhang and G. Li, “Functional Third Components in Nonfullerene Acceptor-Based Ternary Organic Solar Cells,” Acc Mater Res 1, no. 2 (2020): 158-171.

[171] T. Kim, J. H. Kim, T. E. Kang, et al., “Flexible, Highly Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Nature Communications 6 (2015): 8547.

[172] J. W. Lee, D. Jeong, D. J. Kim, et al., “Flexible-Spacer Incorporated Polymer Donors Enable Superior Blend Miscibility for High-performance and Mechanically-robust Polymer Solar Cells,” Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 7 (2021): 4067-4076.

[173] H. Hu, Y. Li, J. Zhang, et al., “Effect of Ring-fusion on Miscibility and Domain Purity: Key Factors Determining the Performance of PDI-based Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells,” Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 26 (2018): 201800234.

[174] R. Sun, W. Wang, H. Yu, et al., “Achieving over 17% Efficiency of Ternary All-Polymer Solar Cells with Two Well-Compatible Polymer Acceptors,” Joule 5, no. 6 (2021): 1548-1565.

[175] D. Zhou, C. Liao, S. Peng, et al., “Binary Blend All-Polymer Solar Cells with a Record Efficiency of 17.41% Enabled by Programmed Fluorination both on Donor and Acceptor Blocks,” Advancement of Science 9, no. 23 (2022): 2202022.

[176] J. Wang, C. Han, S. Wen, et al., “Achieving 17.94% Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells by Independently Induced D/A Orderly Stacking,” Energy & Environmental Science 16, no. 5 (2023): 2327-2337.

[177] J. Du, K. Hu, J. Zhang, et al., “Polymerized Small Molecular Acceptor Based All-Polymer Solar Cells with an Efficiency of 16.16% via Tuning Polymer Blend Morphology by Molecular Design,” Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (2021): 5264.

[178] H. B. Naveed and W. Ma, “Miscibility-driven Optimization of Nanostructures in Ternary Organic Solar Cells Using Non-Fullerene Acceptors,” Joule 2, no. 4 (2018): 621-641.

[179] L. Ye, H. Hu, M. Ghasemi, et al., “Quantitative Relations between Interaction Parameter, Miscibility and Function in Organic Solar Cells,” Nature Materials 17, no. 3 (2018): 253-260.

[180] J. Zhang, C. H. Tan, K. Zhang, et al., “π-extended Conjugated Polymer Acceptor Containing Thienylene-Vinylene-Thienylene Unit for High-performance Thick-film all-polymer Solar Cells with Superior Long-term Stability,” Advanced Energy Materials 11, no. 48 (2021): 202102559.

[181] Z. Li, Y. Liang, X. Qian, et al., “Conquering the Morphology Barrier of Ternary All-Polymer Solar Cells by Designing Random Terpolymer for Constructing Efficient Binary All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Journal of chemical engineering 439 (2022): 135491.

[182] C. Guo, Y. H. Lin, M. D. Witman, et al., “Conjugated Block Copolymer Photovoltaics with near 3% Efficiency through Microphase Separation,” Nano Letters 13, no. 6 (2013): 2957-2963.

[183] R. H. Lohwasser, G. Gupta, P. Kohn, et al., “Phase Separation in the Melt and Confined Crystallization as the Key to Well-Ordered Microphase Separated Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers,” Macromolecules 46, no. 11 (2013): 4403-4410.

[184] F. Lombeck, H. Komber, A. Sepe, et al., “Enhancing Phase Separation and Photovoltaic Performance of All-conjugated Donor-acceptor Block Copolymers with Semifluorinated Alkyl Side Chains,” Macromolecules 48, no. 21 (2015): 7851-7860.

[185] Y. Cheng, Q. Mao, C. Zhou, et al., “Regulating the Sequence Structure of Conjugated Block Copolymers Enables Large-area Single-Component Organic Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Stability,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62, no. 39 (2023): 202308267.

[186] X. Yang, M. Chen, S. Wang, et al., “The Application of Chlorine Substituted Conjugated Block Copolymers in the Single-Component Organic Solar Cells,” Giant 16 (2023): 100191.

[187] D. Zhang, Y. Wu, C. Yan, et al., “Simultaneously Improving Stretchability and Efficiency of Flexible Organic Solar Cells by Incorporating a Copolymer Interlayer in Active Layer,” Advanced Functional Materials 34 (2024): 202407681.

[188] F. Lombeck, A. Sepe, R. Thomann, et al., “Compatibilization of All-Conjugated Polymer Blends for Organic Photovoltaics,” ACS Nano 10, no. 8 (2016): 8087-8096.

[189] R. Ma, K. Zhou, Y. Sun, et al., “Achieving High Efficiency and Well-kept Ductility in Ternary all-polymer Organic Photovoltaic Blends Thanks to Two Well Miscible Donors,” Matter 5, no. 2 (2022): 725-734.

[190] T. Liu, T. Yang, R. Ma, et al., “16% Efficiency All-Polymer Organic Solar Cells Enabled by a Finely Tuned Morphology via the Design of Ternary Blend,” Joule 5, no. 4 (2021): 914-930.

[191] H. Yu, Y. Wang, X. Zou, et al., “Improved Photovoltaic Performance and Robustness of All-Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by a Polyfullerene Guest Acceptor,” Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 2323.

[192] H. Yu, Y. Wang, C. H. Kwok, et al., “A Polymer Acceptor with Double-decker Configuration Enhances Molecular Packing for High-performance All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Joule 8, no. 8 (2024): 2304-2324.

[193] Z. Li, F. Peng, L. Ying, et al., “Fine Tuning Miscibility of Donor/Acceptor through Solid Additives Enables All-Polymer Solar Cells with 15.6% Efficiency,” Sol RRL 5, no. 10 (2021): 202100549.

[194] Q. Liang, M. Duan, X. Liu, et al., “Recent Advances in Effect of Crystallization Dynamics Process on the Morphology of Active Layer in Organic Solar Cells,” Battery Energy 3, no. 4 (2024): 20230073.

[195] J. Chen, Z. Bi, X. Xu, et al., “Fine Optimization of Morphology Evolution Kinetics with Binary Additives for Efficient Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells,” Advancement of Science 6, no. 6 (2019): 1801560.

[196] Y. Zhang, W. Deng, C. E. Petoukhoff, et al., “Achieving 19.4% Organic Solar Cell via an in Situ Formation of p-i-n Structure with Built-in Interpenetrating Network,” Joule 8, no. 2 (2024): 509-526.

[197] M. Abdelsamie, K. Zhao, M. R. Niazi, K. W. Chou, and A. Amassian, “In Situ UV-visible Absorption during Spin-Coating of Organic Semiconductors: A New Probe for Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2, no. 17 (2014): 3373-3381.

[198] E. D. Siggia, “Late Stages of Spinodal Decomposition in Binary Mixtures,” Physical Review A 20, no. 2 (1979): 595-605.

[199] J. Xin, Z. He, Z. Liu, et al., “Recent Advances in Polymorphism of Organic Solar Cells,” Small (2024).

[200] W. Zhang, Y. Yue, F. Han, et al., “Dissolution Swelling Effect-Assisted Interfacial Morphology Refinement Enables High Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Energy & Environmental Science (2025).

[201] K. Zhou, K. Xian, and L. Ye, “Morphology Control in High-Efficiency All-Polymer Solar Cells,” InfoMat 4, no. 4 (2022): 12270.

[202] S. A. Schneider, K. L. Gu, H. Yan, et al., “Controlling Polymer Morphology in Blade-Coated All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Chemistry of Materials 33, no. 15 (2021): 5951-5961.

[203] F. Cui, J. Qiao, Y. Xu, et al., “Using an External Electric Field to Tune Active Layer Morphology Enabling High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells via Ambient Blade Coating,” Science Advances 10, no. 26 (2024): eado5460.

[204] H. Tang, J. Lv, K. Liu, et al., Self-Assembly Enables Simple Structure Organic Photovoltaics via Green-solvent and Open-Air-Printing: Closing the Lab-to-Fab Gap. Materials Today2022; 55: 46-55.

[205] L. Sang, X. Chen, J. Fang, et al., “Elimination of Drying-dependent Component Deviation Using a Composite Solvent Strategy Enables High-performance Inkjet-printed Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency Approaching 16%,” Advanced Functional Materials 33, no. 45 (2023): 202304824.

[206] Y. Yue, B. Zheng, W. Yang, et al., “Meniscus-Assisted Coating with Optimized Active-Layer Morphology toward Highly Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Advanced Materials 34, no. 14 (2022): 2108508.

[207] N. Wang, Y. Yu, R. Zhao, et al., “Improving Active Layer Morphology of All-Polymer Solar Cells by Solution Temperature,” Macromolecules 53, no. 9 (2020): 3325-3331.

[208] J. Liu, S. Zeng, Z. Zhang, et al., “Optimizing the Phase-Separated Domain Size of the Active Layer via Sequential Crystallization in All-Polymer Solar Cells,” Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 11, no. 6 (2020): 2314-2321.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2025 The Author(s). SusMat published by Sichuan University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.