Overwintering covered with soil or avoiding burial of wine grapes under cold stress: Chinese wine industry's past and future, challenges and opportunities

Abstract

In northwest China, where winter is extremely cold and the grapevine is vulnerable to freezing damage, the application of soil covering has promoted the vigorous development of the local grape and wine industries. However, in recent years, the negative effects of burying soil for cold protection on the environment have gradually emerged. In some viticultural regions, the phenomenon of "summer forest, winter desert" has appeared. Therefore, it is urgent for the Chinese grape industry to find a better solution to overwinter safely and environmentally friendly. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of widely used solutions to overwinter such as covering vines with soil, breeding of cold-resistant grapes, cold-resistant cultivation model, physical and chemical covering materials, and protected grape facilities were reviewed. Future overwintering measures were proposed which avoid burial and grape overwintering research directions. It also provides a theoretical foundation and technical support to improve grape yield and quality in northwest China.

Keywords

Wine grape / Northwest China / Cold stress / Cold-resistant culture / Bury and unearth vines / Overwinter safely

References

[1] AazamiMA, MahnaN. Salicylic acid affects the expression of VvCBF4 gene in grapes subjected to low temperature. J Genet Eng Biotechnol, 2017, 15(1):257-261

[2] AkdemirS. Determination of energy balance in grape production for wine in thrace region. Erwerbsobstbau, 2022, 64(Suppl 1):103-111

[3] AmbroiseV, LegayS, GuerrieroG, HausmanJF, CuypersA, SergeantK. The roots of plant frost hardiness and tolerance. Plant Cell Physiol, 2020, 61(1):3-20

[4] Bi, JB., Chen, H., Yin, SF., Liu, XJ., Li, DJ., & Zhang, C. (2014). Breeding of wine grape Qiniang No. 1 (in Chinese). Forest by-product and speciality in China, 131(04), 41–42. https://doi.org/10.13268/j.cnki.fbsic.2014.04.024

[5] BoavaLP, Cristofani-YalyM, StuartRM, MachadoMA. Expression of defense-related genes in response to mechanical wounding and Phytophthora parasitica infection in Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus sunki. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol, 2011, 76(2):119-125

[6] BuesaI, Mirás-AvalosJM, De PazJM, ViscontiF, SanzF, YevesA, GuerraD, IntriglioloDS. Soil management in semi-arid vineyards: Combined effects of organic mulching and no-tillage under different water regimes. Eur J Agron, 2021, 123: 126198

[7] CentinariM, SmithMS, LondoJP. Assessment of freeze injury of grapevine green tissues in response to cultivars and a cryoprotectant product. Hortscience, 2016, 51(7):856-860

[8] ChahCN, BanerjeeA, GadiVK, SekharanS, KatiyarV. A systematic review on bioplastic-soil interaction: Exploring the effects of residual bioplastics on the soil geoenvironment. Sci Total Environ, 2022, 851: 158311

[9] ChaiFM, LiuWW, XiangY, MengXB, SunXM, ChengC, LiuGT, DuanLX, XinHP, LiSH. Comparative metabolic profiling of Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera during cold acclimation. Horticulture Research, 2019, 6: 8

[10] CorreYM, BruzaudS, AudicJL, GrohensY. Morphology and functional properties of commercial polyhydroxyalkanoates: a comprehensive and comparative study. Polymer Testing, 2012, 31(2):226-235

[11] DanXQ, HeXX, ZhaoC, HeMQ, ChenSD, MengL, ZhangJB, CaiZC, MüllerC. Greenhouse vegetable cultivation weakens the capacity of the rhizosphere to supply soil mineral N. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 2022, 22(4):4739-4751

[12] DavenportJR, MarkusK, MillsLJ. How cold can you go? Frost and winter protection for grape. Hortscience, 2008, 43(7):1966-1969

[13] DeD, SaiMSN, AniyaV, SatyavathiB. Strategic biorefinery platform for green valorization of agro-industrial residues: a sustainable approach towards biodegradable plastics. J Clean Prod, 2021, 290: 125184

[14] DeviEL, DeviCP, KumarS, SharmaSK, BeemroteA, ChongthamSK, SinghCH, TaniaC, SinghTB, NingombamA, AkoijamR, SinghIM, SinghYR, MonteshoriS, OmitaY, PrakashN, NgachanSV. Marker assisted selection (MAS) towards generating stress tolerant crop plants. Plant Gene, 2017, 11(b):205-218

[15] DongC, ZhangZ, RenJP, QinY, HuangJF, WangY, CaiBH, WangBL, TaoJM. Stress-responsive gene ICE1 from Vitis amurensis increases cold tolerance in tobacco. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2013, 71: 212-217

[16] DuYP, ZhangYF, HuangWW, LiX, ZhuHP, TangML, WangZP, GaoZ, ZhaiH. Construction of ecological index system and ecological regionalization of grape cultivation (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2022, 244(04):1-7

[17] DubrovinaAS, KiselevKV, KhristenkoVS, AleynovaOA. VaCPK20, a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene of wild grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr., mediates cold and drought stress tolerance. J Plant Physiol, 2015, 185: 1-12

[18] FanPG, LiSC, YangMR, LiSH. A new variety of late ripe grape juice is "Beizi" (in Chinese). Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2006, 33(6):1404

[19] FanPG, LiSC, YangMR, LiSH. A new variety of high quality late cooked juice grape 'Beifeng' (in Chinese). Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2007, 34(2):527

[20] FrediG, DorigatoA. Recycling of bioplastic waste: a review. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res, 2021, 4(3):159-177

[21] FullerMP, HamedF, WisniewskiM, GlennDM. Protection of plants from frost using hydrophobic particle film and acrylic polymer. Ann Appl Biol, 2003, 143(1):93-97

[22] GaoZ, LiJ, ZhuHP, SunLL, DuYP, ZhaiH. Using differential thermal analysis to analyze cold hardiness in the roots of grape varieties. Sci Hortic, 2014, 174: 155-163

[23] GaoHH, YanCR, LiuQ, DingWL, ChenBQ, LiZ. Effects of plastic mulching and plastic residue on agricultural production: a meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ, 2019, 651(1):484-492

[24] GriesserM, SteinerM, PingelM, UzmanD, PredaC, GiffardB, TolleP, MemedeminD, ForneckA, ReinekeA, LeyerI, BacherS. General trends of different inter-row vegetation management affecting vine vigor and grape quality across European vineyards. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2022, 338(56):108073

[25] GuB, ZhangB, DingL, LiP, ShenL, ZhangJX. Physiological change and transcriptome analysis of Chinese wild Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera in response to cold stress. Plant Mol Biol Report, 2020, 38(3):478-490

[26] GuST, XuDY, ZhouFH, FengK, ChenC, JiangAL. Repairing ability and mechanism of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on mechanically damaged sweet cherries. Scientia Horticulturae, 2022, 292: 110567

[27] Gutierrez-GamboaG, ZhengW, TodaFM. Current viticultural techniques to mitigate the effects of global warming on grape and wine quality: a comprehensive review. Food Res Int, 2021, 139(Jan.):109941-109946

[28] HanYJ, LiHY, ZhangL, DuanXF, CaoN. Progress in climate regionalization of wine grapes (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2014, 196(04):54-58

[29] HanX, XueTT, LiuX, WangZL, ZhangL, WangY, YaoF, WangH, LiH. A sustainable viticulture method adapted to the cold climate zone in China. Horticulturae, 2021, 7(6):150

[30] HannahL, RoehrdanzPR, IkegamiM, ShepardAV, ShawMR, TaborG, ZhiL, MarquetPA, HijmansRJ. Climate change, wine, and conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2013, 110(17):6907-6912

[31] HoriuchiR, ArakawaK, KasugaJ, SuzukiT, JitsuyamaY. Freezing resistance and behavior of winter buds and canes of wine grapes cultivated in northern Japan. Cryobiology, 2021, 101: 44-51

[32] HouLX, ZhangGK, ZhaoFG, ZhuD, FanXX, ZhangZ, LiuX. VvBAP1 is involved in cold tolerance in Vitis vinifera L. Front Plant Sci, 2018, 9: 726

[33] HuYF, ZhangHJ, GuB, ZhangJX. The transcription factor VaMYC2 from Chinese wild Vitis amurensis enhances cold tolerance of grape (V. vinifera) by up-regulating VaCBF1 and VaP5CS. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2022, 192: 218-229

[34] JiaoHR, LiuAG, XieCM. Summary of research on Beimei and Beihong wine grapes in Ningxia (in Chinese). Farm Products Processing, 2022, 554(12):104-105+108

[35] KhoshnevisanB, RafieeS, MousazadehH. Environmental impact assessment of open field and greenhouse strawberry production. Eur J Agron, 2013, 50: 29-37

[36] LiHY. Xinjiang Shihezi "Zhuosexiang" grape facility cultivation technology (in Chinese). Northern Horticulture, 2021, 495(24):174-177

[37] LiH, WangH. A sustainable grape cultivation mode adapted to buried cold areas in China (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine & Wine, 2018, 222(06):68-73

[38] LiSC, WenLZ, ZhangFQ, LuoFM, YangMR, ZhangYZ, HuangDF. A new variety of cold-resistant grape 'Beichun' (in Chinese). Notices of Botany, 1983, 2: 30-32

[39] LiH, LanYF, WangH. The index system of climate grape of climate China (in Chinese). Sci Technol Rev, 2011, 29(1):75-79

[40] LiPC, GuoSJ, LiM, SuXD. Comprehensive evaluation of the safe effect of Red Global grapes (in Chinese). Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2011, 27(6):206-210

[41] LiX, ZhangGD, LiYD. The application of simple burial method in the winter of wine grape at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain (in Chinese). Northern Horticulture, 2013, 3: 34-36

[42] LiPC, GuoSJ, LiM, SuXD, WangQ. The effect of different insulation materials covering on the overwintering temperature of grapes in gobi land (in Chinese). Hubei Agric Sci, 2014, 53(12):2838-2840

[43] LiL, HeXM, SunJ, LiCB, LingDN, ShengJF, ZhengFJ, LiuGM, LiJM, TangYY, YiP, XinM, LiZC, ZhouZG. Responses of phospholipase d and antioxidant system to mechanical wounding in postharvest banana fruits. J Food Qual, 2017, 2017: 1-8

[44] LiYF, PanBR, AdiliW, GuanKY, DuanSM, JingWM, WangZQ, SongZM, WuYH. Thermal properties analysis of grape overwintering covering films and recycled cotton quilts (in Chinese). Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2018, 34(17):62-68

[45] LiMM, GuoZJ, JiaN, YuanJW, HanB, YinYG, SunY, LiuCJ, ZhaoSJ. Evaluation of eight rootstocks on the growth and berry quality of ‘Marselan’ grapevines. Sci Hortic, 2019, 248: 58-61

[46] LiYD, MaCB, LiX, YinQY, ZhangGD, ZhangQQ. Thoughts on the sustainable development of wine-making grape planting industry in Ningxia (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2019, 224(02):99-102

[47] LiHL, JinFE, ZhuXK. Tea garden winter and spring anti-cold prevention technology (in Chinese). Northwest Horticulture, 2021, 293(06):29-31

[48] LiPH, WangXD, SuM, ZouXY, DuanLL, ZhangHW. Characteristics of plastic pollution in the environment: a review. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2021, 107(4):577-584

[49] LiH, ZhouM, MohammedAEAY, ChenL, ZhouC. From fruit and vegetable waste to degradable bioplastic films and advanced materials: a review. Sustain Chem Pharm, 2022, 30: 100859

[50] LinT, GoldsworthyM, ChavanS, LiangW, MaierC, GhannoumO, CazzonelliCI, TissueDT, LanY, SethuvenkatramanS, LinH, JiaB, ChenZ. A novel cover material improves cooling energy and fertigation efficiency for glasshouse eggplant production. Energy, 2022, 251: 123871

[51] LiuLY, LiH. Review: research progress in amur grape, Vitis amurensis Rupr. Can J Plant Sci, 2013, 93(4):565-575

[52] LiuZL, LiQL, LiFM, FengX, FengL. Non-buried soil cold-proof overwintering technology of grape cultivation in cold areas (in Chinese). Agric Eng, 2018, 8(11):120-123

[53] LiuSQ, SongYY, LvHS. The cultivation technology of grape without burying soil and preventing cold over winter (in Chinese). Deciduous Fruits, 2021, 53(2):60-61

[54] LiuLY, ZouGY, ZuoQ, LiSJ, BaoZ, JinT, LiuDS, DuLF. It is still too early to promote biodegradable mulch film on a large scale: a bibliometric analysis. Environ Technol Innov, 2022, 27: 102487

[55] LiuC, YangXW, WangXL, WangZQ, LiuFZ, WangHB. Progress on the influence of plant antifreeze on the cold resistance of grapes (in Chinese). China Fruits, 2022, 221(03):6-9

[56] LiuY, LiuHT, ZhangTY, LiuJY, SunXZ, SunX, WangWL, ZhengCS. Interactions between rootstock and scion during grafting and their molecular regulation mechanism. Scientia Horticulturae, 2023, 308: 111554

[57] Lo'AyAA, DoaaMH. The potential of vine rootstocks impacts on ‘Flame Seedless’ bunches behavior under cold storage and antioxidant enzyme activity performance. Scientia Horticulturae, 2020, 260: 108844

[58] LuWP, WangJ, SongRG, ZhangYF, ShenYJ, GuoZG, LiuZH, LiuJK. Research on the breeding of a new variety of cold-resistant wine grape 'Zuohongyi' (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2000, 1: 13-14

[59] LuHL, QinY, DongC, XiaoLZ, YangRH, HuXX. Methods and production cost analysis of grape body in cold areas (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2020, 233(05):25-27

[60] LuoQW, SunF, LiYL, MaXC, WuGH. Comparative test of grape cover for cold prevention and buried soil for cold prevention and winter (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2010, 156(01):37-3942

[61] MaKW, MaW. Phytohormone pathways as targets of pathogens to facilitate infection. Plant Mol Biol, 2016, 91(6):713-725

[62] MaLL, ZhengYY, SangZZ, GeYH, BaiCM, FuAZ, WangQ, WatkinsCB, ZuoJH. Multi-omics analysis reveals the mechanism of calcium-reduced quality deterioration in mechanically injured green pepper fruit. Postharvest Biol Technol, 2023, 204: 112437

[63] MacLeodM, ArpHPH, TekmanMB, JahnkeA. The global threat from plastic pollution. Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021, 373(6550):61-65

[64] MagroLD, DalagnolLMG, ManfroiV, HertzPF, KleinMP, RodriguesRC. Synergistic effects of Pectinex Ultra Clear and Lallzyme Beta on yield and bioactive compounds extraction of Concord grape juice. LWT Food Sci Technol, 2016, 72: 157-165

[65] MarínD, MirandaC, AbadFJ, UrrestarazuJ, MayorB, Villa-LlopA, SantestebanLG. Agronomic evaluation of eight 41 B × 110 richter grapevine genotypes as rootstock candidates for mediterranean viticulture. Hortic Plant J, 2023, 9(4):720-728

[66] MengQ, WenJF, ZhangWQ, LiuSW. Process optimization and overall quality evaluation of 'Meili' peach wine (in Chinese). Food and Fermentation Industries, 2017, 43(03):99-104

[67] MuWS, GaoY, WangXJ, FengJY. Comparative study on the cost and benefit of facility grape production in China (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2014, 195(03):20-24

[68] MukherjeeC, VargheseD, KrishnaJS, BoominathanT, RakeshkumarR, DineshkumarS, Brahmananda RaoCVS, SivaramakrishnaA. Recent advances in biodegradable polymers – Properties, applications and future prospects. Eur Polym J, 2023, 192: 112068

[69] NiuC, MaS, XuLM, YuanQC, WangSS, YuanXT. Research status and prospect of mechanization technology of grape soil clearing and cold-proof cloth recovery (in Chinese). J Chin Agric Mechanization, 2021, 42(3):29-39

[70] NovaraA, PisciottaA, MinacapilliM, MalteseA, CapodiciF, CerdàA, GristinaL. The impact of soil erosion on soil fertility and vine vigor: a multidisciplinary approach based on field, laboratory and remote sensing approaches. Sci Total Environ, 2018, 622–623: 474-480

[71] OzkanB, FertC, KaradenizCF. Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open-field grape production. Energy, 2007, 32(8):1500-1504

[72] PangGC, LiuFZ, WangHB, ShiXB, WangBL. Effect of different irrigation conditions on the fruit quality of facility grapes (in Chinese). China Fruits, 2019, 197(03):57-61

[73] ProsdocimiM, JordánA, TarolliP, KeesstraS, NovaraA, CerdàA. The immediate effectiveness of barley straw mulch in reducing soil erodibility and surface runoff generation in Mediterranean vineyards. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 547: 323-330

[74] RenA, LiJ, ZhaoL, ZhouR, YeJ, WangY, ZhangX, WeslyK, MaM, XiongY. Reduced plastic film mulching under zero tillage boosts water use efficiency and soil health in semiarid rainfed maize field. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2023, 190: 106851

[75] ReymondP, WeberH, DamondM, FarmerEE. Differential gene expression in response to mechanical wounding and insect feeding in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2000, 12(5):707-720

[76] RhodesCJ. Solving the plastic problem: from cradle to grave, to reincarnation. Sci Prog, 2019, 102(3):218-248

[77] She, HY. (2017). Design and performance study of grape vine embedding machine (in Chinese). Vol. Master (p. 72): Ningxia University.

[78] ShiHY, HuLP, HouYR. Effect of different agent combinations on the cold resistance of 'Red light' large cherry flower organs (in Chinese). J Fruit Sci, 2014, 31(01):91-95

[79] ShuX, DingL, GuB, ZhangHJ, GuanPY, ZhangJX. A stress associated protein from Chinese wild Vitis amurensis, VaSAP15, enhances the cold tolerance of transgenic grapes. Scientia Horticulturae, 2021, 285: 110147

[80] SongRG, LuWP, GuoTJ, LiuJK, LiuXJ, ShenYJ, GuoZG, ZhangBX, YangYM. Research on the breeding of a new dry red wine 'Zuoyouhong' (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2005, 3: 13-16

[81] Song, RG., Lu, WP., Zhang, QT., Li, XH., Yang, YM., Zhang, YF., Ai, J., Shen, YJ., & Lin, XG. (2012). Breeding of a new variety of 'Xuelanhong' by Vitis amurensis Rupr. (in Chinese). China Fruits, 157(05), 1–5+77.

[82] Song W (2016) Research on simplified cold prevention technology in vineyards (in Chinese). Vol. Master: Shandong Agricultural University. Available online: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhD0Pg2JxHtAO3M7mQRkuqt608Vpm9PalihO8BKFl2vj60d5kDjYdIq52m4D-5Bq0Hbe1uuNdE15xcqL0QyH4BYt6gu5q7np_XSSjUr66vLwNzKNGWiPf6MdeBC2wj_DJqwYuKLhnNl46g==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS. Accessed 8 Sep 2023

[83] SunLL, SongW, DuYP, ZhaiH. The effect of simple cover on soil temperature and humidity in winter in Taian (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2015, 202(04):12-16

[84] SunXM, ZhuZF, ZhangLL, FangLC, ZhangJS, WangQF, LiSH, LiangZC, XinHP. Overexpression of ethylene response factors VaERF080 and VaERF087 from Vitis amurensis enhances cold tolerance in Arabidopsis. Sci Hortic, 2019, 243: 320-326

[85] Wan, YZ., Schwaninger, HR., Li, D., Simon, CJ., Wang, YJ., & He, PC. (2008). The eco-geographic distribution of wild grape germplasm in China. Vitis: J Grapevine Res, 47(2), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2008.47.77-80.

[86] WangLJ, LiSC, FanPG, YangMR, WuBH, DuanW, LiLS, ZhongJY, ZhangYZ, WenLZ, ZhangFQ, LuoFM, LiSH. High quality cold resistance and disease-resistant wine grape new variety 'Beimei' (in Chinese). Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2009, 36(07):1084

[87] WangLJ, FanPG, WuBH, DuanW, YangMR, LiSC, LiangZC, XinHP, KuangYP, GuoJJ, LiQJ, LiaoXF, LiSH. A new variety of wine grape with high quality, cold resistance and disease resistance 'Beixi' (in Chinese). Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2014, 41(12):2543-2544

[88] WangS, LiH, WangH. The windproof effect of hanging grapes in the cold protection area (in Chinese). Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(12):206-212

[89] WangXQ, XieXL, ChenN, WangH, LiH. Study on current status and climatic characteristics of wine regions in China. Vitis, 2018, 57(1):9-16

[90] WangQL, LiYL, LiuCM, WuL, LiP, ShanSM. Comparative study on adaptability and fruit quality of six soil-free wine grape varieties in Ningxia (in Chinese). J Agric Sci, 2020, 41(4):9-13

[91] WangZM, ChaiFM, ZhuZF, EliasGK, XinHP, LiangZC, LiSH. The inheritance of cold tolerance in seven interspecific grape populations. Scientia Horticulturae, 2020, 266: 109260

[92] WangZL, WangY, WuD, HuiM, HanX, XueTT, YaoF, GaoFF, CaoX, LiH, WangH. Identification and regionalization of cold resistance of wine grape germplasms (V. vinifera). Agriculture-Basel, 2021, 11(11):1117

[93] WangZL, XueTT, GaoFF, ZhangL, HanX, WangY, HuiM, WuD, LiH. Intraspecific recurrent selection in V. vinifera: an effective method for breeding of high quality, disease-, cold-, and drought -resistant grapes. Euphytica, 2021, 217: 111

[94] Wang, XH., Zhang, YF., Song, RG., Qu, BZ., Liu, Y., & M, YK. (2014b). Study on the regional experiment of 'Xuelanhong' breeding by Vitis amurensis Rupr. (in Chinese). Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research, 36(03), 13–20. https://https://doi.org/10.16720/j.cnki.tcyj.2014.03.009.

[95] XiZM, TaoYS, ZhangL, LiH. Impact of cover crops in vineyard on the aroma compounds of Vitis vinifera L. cv Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Food Chemistry, 2011, 127(2):516-522

[96] Xie XL (2018) Analysis of the distribution of Chinese wine producing areas and the impact of climate change in China (in Chinese). Vol. Master: Northwest A & F University. Available online: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhDzit1X1om7FtZifbo9Bq2gx-yOTXI_Pf3tyDNk70wgv-BEMxjcru0ZOy9qhLTVFjdqGEuJTUG4iMPGapGZLuUH2w_8kJeYUA7Ynp-ouFdXeWRP3CJm8jX201l1a1z4pq43Dqf_-gAX6w==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS. Accessed 8 Sep 2023

[97] XueTT, HanX, ZhangHJ, WangY, WangH, LiH. Effects of a biodegradable liquid film on winter chill protection of winegrape cultivars. Sci Hortic, 2019, 246: 398-406

[98] XvYB, WangXP, SongCB, WngW, WangYJ. Research and utilization of cold resistance of Guyuan-1 in wild grape in China (in Chinese). Northern Horticulture, 2021, 492(21):24-30

[99] YangSM, SheHY, YangSC, ZhuXJ, ChenY, LiJH, LiMQ. Design and experimental validation of improved grapevine burying machine. Int J Agric Biol Eng, 2018, 11(2):95-100

[100] YangY, ZhangXY, DingQ, WngJ. Research progress of grape overwintering freezing injury (in Chinese). Jiangsu Agric Sci, 2020, 48(1):54-60

[101] YangQZ, HeMS, DuGY, ShiL, ZhaoXQ, ShiAP, AddyM. Design and experimental study of a wine grape covering soil-cleaning machine with wind blowing. Agri-Engineering, 2021, 3(1):50-72

[102] YangZY, ZhuYM, ZhangJY, LiXY, MaP, SunJW, SunYJ, MaJ, LiN. Comparison of energy use between fully mechanized and semi-mechanized rice production in Southwest China. Energy, 2022, 245: 123270

[103] You J (2007) Effect of climate change on Viticulture in China (in Chinese). Vol. Master: Northwest A&F University. Available online: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhAR1p5BiFBV72UNl8u9nPLgJSADtTUzSA-BADENtOAJdiMuxLO0Q3xmAI88H4v9d_zTbbQT_lTdpBn82PjCiJlkzNGSe-SOQIOajaT2l2A64xiCSzPdcNPO28I51EAiUnqnZyM4n0w0iA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS. Accessed 8 Sep 2023

[104] YuJM, XuSC, LiuB, WangHL, QiaoFM, RenXL, WeiQF. PLA bioplastic production: from monomer to the polymer. Eur Polym J, 2023, 193: 112076

[105] ZhangYM. Test of degradable mulch covering of corn (in Chinese). Gansu Agriculture, 2006, 1: 207

[106] ZhangQT, LuWP. New wine variety 'Beiuolan' breeding by Vitis amurensis Rupr. (in Chinese). China Fruit News, 2016, 33(02):58-59

[107] ZhangJL, CaoZY, MaJF. Screening of cold-resistant seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of eastern Gansu province, China, as rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae, 2009, 122(1):125-128

[108] ZhangJX, XiongY, WangYJ, ZhuZG. RAPD markers and sequence analysis of cold resistance genes of wild grapes in China (in Chinese). Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2010, 26(10):30-37

[109] ZhangJ, WangH, DongXY, ZhaoXH, LiangS, LiH. Economic and technical evaluation of CCM in the buried soil and cold-proof area: Take Xia County, Shanxi Province as an example (in Chinese). J Northwest For Univ, 2013, 28(01):94-99

[110] ZhangZW, WangH, FangYL, XiZM, LiH. A new variety of high-quality and disease-resistant wine grapes 'Meili' (in Chinese). Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2013, 40(08):1611-1612

[111] ZhangGD, YuXY, LiX, LiYD, CaoWB, YinQY, FengYB, YeJH. Observation of natural overwintering cold resistance of grapes at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2018, 220(04):18-23

[112] ZhangGD, YuXY, LiYD, LiX, YinQY, LiJN. Observation on the change rule of temperature and humidity of wine grape in protective warehouse at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2019, 224(02):32-37

[113] ZhangL, WangZL, XueTT, GaoFF, WeiRT, WangY, HanX, LiH, WangH. Combating Desertification through the Wine Industry in Hongsibu. Ningxia Sustainability, 2021, 13(10):5654

[114] Zhao Q (2017) Comparison of the effect of different cold protection measures and preliminary research on facility cultivation environment (in Chinese). Vol. Master: Agricultural University Of He'nan. Available online: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=5v36OIo_zhDS9h23k9APF2iT_Z5TnPNQiYcATSPx8fyBGtAjx9cf1pKjB6ZCgGmX0dmUVR1NZfjrVZa83UWnAGmVZN0NSA6bPK3TgUYyY1hTvtDSMCJHXr5maZR620FHAPSeBwMq0bT3caoREQrSXA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS. Accessed 8 Sep 2023

[115] ZhouYJ, PuXK, WuCH, MiaoFF, LiR. Effects of different degradable plastic film with furrow mulch under ridge-furrow planting on farmland potato yield and soil water and heat (in Chinese). Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinica, 2021, 35(11):2664-2673

[116] ZhouYM, XieTL, WangLJ, ZhangJ, ZhouSH, XieLJ, ChengG. 'Beihong' and 'Beimei' fruit development and quality performance in Nanning, Guangxi (in Chinese). Southern Horticulture, 2021, 32(05):56-60

[117] ZhouKZ, WangCP, ZhengL. Analysis of applicable laws and regulations of wine estate and discussion on construction of standard system (in Chinese). Sino-Overseas Grapevine Wine, 2021, 239(05):82-8

[118] OIV Database. Available online: https://www.oiv.int/what-we-do/data-discovery-report?oiv. Accessed 8 Sep 2023

Funding

National key research and development program(development program)