Proto Kranz-like leaf traits and cellular ionic regulation are associated with salinity tolerance in a halophytic wild rice

Abstract

Species of wild rice (Oryza spp.) possess a wide range of stress tolerance traits that can be potentially utilized in breeding climate-resilient cultivated rice cultivars (Oryza sativa) thereby aiding global food security. In this study, we conducted a greenhouse trial to evaluate the salinity tolerance of six wild rice species, one cultivated rice cultivar (IR64) and one landrace (Pokkali) using a range of electrophysiological, imaging, and whole-plant physiological techniques. Three wild species (O. latifolia, O. officinalis and O. coarctata) were found to possess superior salinity stress tolerance. The underlying mechanisms, however, were strikingly different. Na⁺ accumulation in leaves of O. latifolia, O. officinalis and O. coarctata were significantly higher than the tolerant landrace, Pokkali. Na⁺ accumulation in mesophyll cells was only observed in O. coarctata, suggesting that O. officinalis and O. latifolia avoid Na⁺ accumulation in mesophyll by allocating Na⁺ to other parts of the leaf. The finding also suggests that O. coarctata might be able to employ Na⁺ as osmolyte without affecting its growth. Further study of Na⁺ allocation in leaves will be helpful to understand the mechanisms of Na⁺ accumulation in these species. In addition, O. coarctata showed Proto Kranz-like leaf anatomy (enlarged bundle sheath cells and lower numbers of mesophyll cells), and higher expression of C₄-related genes (e.g., NADPME, PPDK) and was a clear outlier with respect to salinity tolerance among the studied wild and cultivated Oryza species. The unique phylogenetic relationship of O. coarctata with C₄ grasses suggests the potential of this species for breeding rice with high photosynthetic rate under salinity stress in the future.

Keywords

Gas exchange / Gene expression / Ion flux / Na⁺ imaging / Oryza sativa / Oryza coarctata

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Funding

department of industry, innovation?and science, australian government(AISRF48490); australian research council(DE140101143); national natural science foundation of china(31961143001; 3180249); department of biotechnology, government of india(BT/Indo-Aus/09/03/2015)