In this article, based on the analysis of the challenge by the knowledge economy to China´s social and economic development, the author points out that knowledge economy can texit and develop without the stable support by agriculture, only when the modernization of agriculture, industry and infrastructure realized can we enter the knowledge society smoothly. The total level and subsistent problems of agricultural science and technology are discussed, the basic tasks that the innovative system for agricultural knowledge should undertake are also studied. The author believes that information and biology technology will be the two fundamental dustries in 21st century, the prospect and trend of their application in agriculture are also described. The author anticipates that the rapid development and intensive use of biology technology in agriculture will inaugurate 6 new fields for the research work of agricultural science and technology, which include the creation of new species, the application of the new fast breeding technology, the establishment of agricultural factory, the producing of new man-made food and feed, the exploitation for new energy and the searching for new space.
The background, design approach, system engineering, launch results and technical & development characteristics of LM - 3 series launch vehicles are presented, and the development of launch vehicles in the future is prospected. It is indicated that with advanced performance, these launch vehicles are the main force of commercial heavy lift in China.
In the 21st century, the next generation aircraft will be faster, larger, safer, more economic and resources saving.The aircraft such as airliner for 1000 or more passengers, hypersonic vehicle, mini-UAV, ground effect aircratf and tiltrotor aircraft will be put into market.The use of substitute aviation fuel can reduce the dependence on petroleum and the atmosphere pollution. The economy, safety and environmental protection performance will be improved several even ten times. Faced to the challenge, we must enhance the building of aeronautic technology innovation bases.
Information Network has been grown up and spread out to the entire globe extremely swiftly in recent years. It has also very quickly turned out to be a world-wide new infrastructure of the society and made great influence to the ways people work, live, learn and think.The astonished phenomenon has been regarded as a real frontier and focus in science and engineering, extracting great attentions from science and engineering circle as well as the whole world.
An attempt is made in the paper to establish a new discipline, the information network engineering, based on the above phenomenon.First, the concept of information network is re-defined clearly here and then the working mechanism of information network is analyzed in depth. A comparative discussion on the functions embodied in human activities and that performed in information network is carried out and the working relationship between man and information network is found to be the socalled symbiosis. As a result of the analyses above, a list of the important issues and directions in information network engineering study is briefly summarized.
The project Oriental Pearl Tower, 463.85 m in height, ranked the first in Asia and the third in the world, has attracted millions´ visitors and been publicly recognized as the most important landmark of Shanghai. The project Menara Jakarta, 558 m in height with total floor area of 320 000 m2 is going to be the number one in the world. The pile work of Menara Jakarta has already been completed soon after construction commencement in January 1998. However, the project has to be interrupted due to the intenational financial crisis.
The success in both Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower construction and the design competition of Menara Jakarta should be greatly attributed to the design innovation not only in architecture, but also in structure and other disciplines through the whole project from design concept to details. In the project of Shanghai Tower, designers used a string of pearls to symbolize Shanghai, hanging on a mega space frame with a sets of diagonal struts, which breaks out the traditional system of single tube to be commonly used for concrete TV tower.Therefore, a unique architecture was formed for the city landmark. Such kind of structure is also beneficial for wind and seismic resistance. Furthermore, a series of advanced technologies were employed in the tower, such as to use a prestressed concrete shell to support the 50m sphere, to use bi-hanging steel structure for the45m sphere and to design the antenna pole by using climb-up method after integrated on the ground etc. All of these innovations in design ingeniously and rationally solved a lot of problems for such complicated structure, so that the difficult construction work became easy.
In the project of Menara Jakarta, designers kept and developed all advantages and overcome some shortages in Shanghai Tower. Many new innovations were further made. Therefore the tower becomes simple, straight forward and elegant.In order that the technology innovations were based on solid science, series experimental studies in seismic engineering, wind engineering and static loading had carefully been done for Shanghai Tower, and some studies had been done for Menara Jakarta.
A therapeutic vaccine composed of HBsAg complexed to anti-HBs (IC) has been developed for viral hepatitis B. Enhanced immune response was induced in hosts immunized with this complex, and the mechanisms of this vaccine was studied in mice. It was shown that the Fc fragment of anti-HBs in the complex was critical for induction of potent immune responses. The Fc fragment of the anti-HBs in the complex could attach to the Fc receptors on the antigen presenting cells (APC), increasing the uptake of HBsAg into these cells. After being ingested, the antigen complexed to antibody could be more effectively processed and presented to T cells. After incubation with macrophages previously treated with IC, T cells showed higher proliferation rate, and higher level of interferon-7 mRNA was detected. Enhanced immune response in host has also been shown by comparing anti-HBs titer in mice immunized with antigen-antibody complex versus the anti-HBs titer in mice immunized only with HBsAg. More than tenfold increase in anti-HBs was observed in the latter group. In addi-tion, this complex was used to immunize an HBsAg low-responder mouse strain (B10.S). Compared to the normal responsive counterpart mouse strain (BIO), immunization with HBsAg induced low titer of antibody, whereas, immunization using HBsAg-anti-HBs complex, BIO.S mice responded by producing similar level of anti-HBs as that induced in the BIO mice. When the complex was used to immunize HBsAg positive transgenic mice (TgE)，after four injections, in the female mice, 72% cleared HBsAg and developed anti-HBs (mean titer 1 • 1070 by EIA); while in the male mice, 54% cleared HBsAg and developed anti-HBs (mean titer 1:455 by EIA). Though some of non-immunized mice lost their HBsAg spontaneously during the experiment, none developed anti-HBs. Data showed that this immunogenic complex has promising potential to be used for the treatment of hepatitis B patients. For human use, a therapeutic vaccine composed of yeast-derived recombinant HBsAg complexed to human high-titer anti-HBs immunoglobulin (HBIG) has been developed. Standard procedure for manufacturing this complex, as well as in vitro assay for monitoring its effect were also established. This complex will be further optimized for mass production and application for clinical trial will be submitted.
This paper, from the viewpoint of epistemology, clarifies the position, role, and attributes of failure analysis and prevention in the development of science and technology. The discipline of failure analysis and prevention is multidisciplinary and inter-synthetical. It dependents on the development of both aplied sciences and pure sciences and has great positive effects on them.So, it is one of the most active factors in the conclusion of “Science and technology are the first productivity.” This paper also describes the dialectic relationship between failure analysis and failure prevention methodologically. While failure analysis is a process of converse thinking expost factor, which explores scientifically causes from results, the failure prevention is a process of prior thinking, which predicts results from causes.It is necessary to utilize the both thinking methods simultaneously and convert the afterwards analysis to the prior one for the development of science and technology. Finally, this paper summarizes the main contents, techniques, methodology, and future trends of failure analysis and prevention and the relationship between nondestructive testing and failure analysis and prevention.
Visual inspection, especially, the active visual inspection and passive visual inspection based on triangulation method has advantages of non-contact, rapid speed, flexibility, etc. Visual inspection is a advanced inspection technology, satisfies modern manufacturing demands. This paper discusses the principle of visual inspection, studies several developed applied visual inspection systems, these systems demostrate wide application foreground of visual inspection from different points of view.
The new technology of clean burning of coal and simultaneously converting the resultants into value-added products is to add a special admixture in coal and grind them together to form affinity granules, which are sprayed into the boiler of the power plant for affinity calcination. The technology, while ensuring power and heat supply, decreases the contents of carbon residue, NOx and CO2 raises the activity of pulverized coal ashes, conducts soild desulfurization, and turns all the solid resultants into quality cement clinkers in the quick burning and quick cooling boiler, thus eliminating gas and solid pollution without producing secondary pollution, and realizing clean production.
The waste residue discharged from the production of compound phosphate fertilizer occupies large area of land and pollutes surrounding environment, which causes environmental problems hard to control. However, environmental pollution can be minimized and effective utilization of sulphur resources is achieved by employing phosphorus gypsum to make sulphuric acid and cement. In doing so, the economic, social and environmental benefits can be gained simultaneously and sustainable development of the phosphorus compound fertilizer industry is greatly facilitated.
This paper has introduced a new Chinese TT&C system. This system includes telemetry, remote control, orbit measurement sub-systems. It has passed Reception Appraisal Meeting and got higher level appraisal. It can be used under mirror reflection enviroment condition to overcome the multipath fading effect of low height flight target and can stable capture & track target with high reliability. It also may be used for other conditions. This paper has introduced the principle of operation with the brief block diagrams. It introduces the technical features which includes the methods to overcome the multipath fading, the methods to get high reliability. This system is very flexible and may be suitable to other enviroment conditions. On the target there is a transponder. This transponder has overcome the difficulty of high level and low level signals transmitting over the same channel. This transponder has used many technologies to reduce diamension and it has overcome the low phase noise problem of crystal. This system has used new open feature telemetry system. In this paper has given important data of transmission channel. At the end of this paper it has given： the end user test result, the appraisal of the Receiption Appraisal Meeting. This system is the highest level system of the same kind low angle receiving system in China.
Environmental pollution and energy shortage are two main barriers for the development of heavy non-ferrous metallurgical industry. Slurry electrolysis process, which is researched on the basis of analyzing the main problems in heavy non-ferrous hydrometallurgy, is a clean, energy efficiency extractive metallurgical method. It has many advantages, such as short process, low energy consumption, efficient metal separation, low environmental pollution, and so on. The notable character of SEP is that leaching ores can be completed through anode oxidation during electrowinning, which can greatly reduce energy consumption. In cells, the sulfur from sulfides will be converted to elemental sulfur rather than sulfuric acid, which is good for environmental protection. This paper describes the domestic and international development of slurry electrolysis process (SEP), and introduces the situation of the first commercial SEP plant in the world, which is designed by China. This paper also points out that China is in world leading in this field and SEP will have good prospect in the future.
The innovative idea and excellent performance of the SKI series catalysts for isomerization of C8 aromatics are elaborated. With the zeolite solid acid instead of halogen, not only the complicated chlorine supplement and the alkaline washing in the operation are eliminated but also the equipment corrosion is prevented and the operation environment is improved. As a result, the catalyst is environmental - friendly. The thermodynamic equilibrium can be approached for the isomerization of the mixed C8 aromatics with poor para - xylene by the SKI Series catalysts. The selectivity for the C8 aromatics is more than 97% and the catalyst life-span is more than 5 years. The achievement of the realistic productivity derived from the scientific and technological research was made through the substitution of the imported catalysts with the SKI series catalyst in the 7 imported commercial units
The Three Gorges Dam, which has attracted worldwide attention, is the largest hydraulic engineering in the modern world. This paper gives a brief and concise description of the problems concerned in the construction of the Three Gorges Project at home and abroad, such as siltation of sediment, landslide of reservoir bank, induced earthquake, technology of key project, diversion and navigation during the construction of the project, river closure, ecological environment and project benefit.
This paper discussed environmental dredging engineering technology for sediment in lake, which is a new technique of the field in worldwide. The paper presented environmental dredging technique of lake sediment on the basis first environmental dredging engineering — Chaohei engineering of Lake Dianchi, including the nature of environmental dredging, technological process, main dredging facilities selection, the silt and its stockpile and dewater and treatment, as well measures to prevent pollution in environmental dredging. The technique developed is practical one to control pollution and eutrophication for Lakes all over the China.
Since reform and opening to the outside world, the output of meat, eggs and milk now is 6〜8times and the feed in dustrial yield was about 80 times as much as what it had been in the 70s, and reaches 100 〜120 million ton. The speed of increasing is exciting. It was acknowledged that China entering WTO has greater benefit. Though China will face two big compatible presses from domestic and foreign market before entering WTO and after. It is estimated that crude protein resources necessary convert to animal protein is in shortage about 1/2 in a middle-long period in China. After joining WTO, the high quality and low-priced feed additive and agricultural products for feedstaffs will rush Chinese feed market，which will bring pinch to Chinese feed industry. For this reason, we must get a clear understanding of the situation and take measures in advance.
Animal husbandry with the pig farmer as their main body is a big and potential market of feed industry in China. Therefore, it is sharply important to build a perfect feed industrial productive system with distinctive national feature, and to carry out the administration rules of the feeds and feed additive • Although animal husbandry in China falls behind, it still remains a broad Pure Land. It is a strategy act of raising compatible ability of China´s animal products in the domestic and foreign market in depending on the trademark of “the Chines green animal products”.
The information economy actually is the core of the knowledge economy. Only high speed jointed building of national feeds information network as fast as possible to heighten decision level, can China meet the pinch which we will encounter While China join WTO. Where there is precaution, there is no danger.
The west of China is very rich in natural gas resources. It has 75% of total natural gas resources and 80% of the proven reserves in China. The total proven reserves of natural gas in the west of China have reached 1 311 billion cubic meters, which makes it capable to provide 15 billion cubic meters of natural gas each year over a long period of time. Such abundant natural gas reserves in Tarim Basin make it economic to transport natural gas from the west to the east of China. It is expected that the two large natural gas fields, which were recently discovered and evaluated, will rapidly increase the area s proven reserves of natural gas by about 500 billion cubic meters.Gas fields in the area have good characteristics such as large reserves per square kilometre, high, output per gas well and low production costs. On the other hand, the economy in the Yangtze River Delta in east of China has already been developed. The Yangtze River Delta faces lack of energy with only 13% of self-sufficiency. At the current stage, 76% of the overall energy consumption is provided by coal which causes serious environmental pollution in the cities. With increasing demand for environment protection, natural gas has a great potential in energy markets. It is estimated that the demand for natural gas will be 25.3 billion cubic meters by the year 2010. There are two options for transporting natural gas from the west to the east. One option is only transporting natural gas produced by the Tarim Basin to the east. The annual transporting volume of the natural gas will be increased from 10 billion cubic meters in the first year to 15 billion cubic meters in the 8th year. The another option is transporting natural gas produced by several basins in the western area to the east.The annual transporting volume of natural gas will be increased from 15 billion cubic meters in the first year to 23 billion cubic meters in the 8th year. The second option has many advantages compared with the first one although both options have reasonably good economic returns. The selling price of the transported natural gas at Shanghai gate terminal is very competitive at 1.2〜1.3 RMB per cubic meter. Once the project to transport natural gas from the west to the east is commenced, it will bring significant benefits for both eastern and western areas.
In this paper the development of simulation technologies and modeling theory of the fossil power generating unit in China is discussed and analysed. Authors described developing process of the fossil power simulators from scientific researches to achieving the most quantity in the world. While the information of electric power simulators distributed over the world is given. The key technologies——modeling theory and method of the thermal system simulation are summarized. Authors expounded the lumped parameter model, distributed parameter model, dynamic revised model of high precision lumped parameter and other model. These model equations are applied various simulated objects and different simulation precision.