High-performance polymers have become a strategic material to ensure national security and national economic development owing to their excellent comprehensive properties. They have been widely applied in important fields such as aerospace, electronics, and medical devices. This study reviews the key varieties of high-performance polymers in four categories: high-performance resins and engineering plastics, organic fibers, bio-based resins and degradable materials, and special rubber and elastomers. The current status and characteristics of key high-performance polymers in China and abroad are analyzed. The study revealed that an industrialization system, including chemical raw material synthesis, modification, and product application, has been established in China. Besides, the current development challenges like the insufficient supply of key raw materials and limited development and application of products are discussed. Accordingly, relevant suggestion for technological innovation, key raw material security, and industrial innovation consortia construction are proposed, paving the way for the development of high-performance polymers in China.
As an important component of inorganic non-metallic materials, functional glass materials mainly include electronic information glass, new energy glass, and special glass. They are the basic supporting materials for strategic emerging industries such as information display, semiconductors, new energy, deep sea, and deep space, and have become the cornerstone for the construction of an intelligent and low-carbon society in China. In recent years, China has made a series of major achievements in the field of functional glass. However, there are still problems such as prominent shortcomings of key materials, tracking research and development, decentralized innovation resources, and insufficient systematic development. In a systematic way, this study focuses on the key material technologies, industry, supports, and other systematic development elements in the field of electronic information glass, new energy glass, and special glass, and summarizes the development status of functional glass in leading countries worldwide. Considering the basic development condition of China, this study summarizes the major challenges, explores the near-, medium-, and long-term development goals, and proposes the key development directions of key functional glass materials in China. Specific suggestions include: (1) strengthening the capability to guarantee key raw materials, forming a strong support for the sustainable development of the industry; (2) accelerating the rolling planning of innovations in key functional glass materials; (3) enhancing policy support; and (4) promoting the low-carbon and digital development of key functional glass materials.
The solid-state battery is crucial for achieving the next-generation batteries that possess high energy density, high safety, long service life, and low cost. Major countries and regions are rapidly advancing the research and industrial application of solid-state batteries. This study reviews the development status of key material systems for solid-state batteries worldwide from the aspects of technological, industrial, and supporting systems. It analyzes the technical development paths, industrial scales, and supporting systems of solid-state batteries in countries and regions including the United States, Europe, Japan, and Republic of Korea, and summarizes the development status and goals of the key material system for solid-state batteries in China. Our study reveals that the solid-state batteries are currently in a promotion stage in China, facing challenges in terms of key raw materials, breakthroughs in critical scientific and technological bottlenecks, mass production, and industrial application. To promote the development of solid-state batteries in China, we propose the following suggestions: (1) adhering to an overall staged-development strategy for solid-state batteries, (2) establishing national-level development programs and major scientific and technological projects for solid-state batteries, (3) promoting the construction of technology research and development institutions for solid-state batteries, (4) encouraging the market application and industrial transformation of solid-state batteries, and (5) optimizing the solid-state battery ecosystem.
Microwave dielectric ceramics, owing to their ability to serve as dielectrics in microwave circuits, are widely used in communications, navigation, radar, satellite, and other fields as a key foundational material in modern communications technology. Grounded in an analysis of the current state of microwave dielectric ceramics and their corresponding industry both in China and abroad, this study identifies the challenges faced in the development of these ceramics in China and proposes a strategy for the independent development of microwave dielectric ceramics, encompassing development goals, strategies, key directions, and a development roadmap. The study aims to promote the development of microwave dielectric ceramics, facilitate the shift of the product structure from mid- to high-end products, and achieve breakthroughs in high-performance microwave dielectric ceramics preparation techniques and the independent production of upstream high-purity raw materials. Recommendations for research include strengthening the basic research and application foundations of microwave dielectric ceramics, enhancing innovative research and development in key areas of microwave communications, actively planning for 6G dielectric ceramics, and strengthening the development of the industry’s ecosystem.
Fiber lasers and amplifiers are widely used in intelligent manufacturing, life and health, new generation of information technology, national defense, and military fields. In addition, active optical fibers are key materials for fiber lasers and amplifiers. This study reviews the research progress of key active optical fibers in the infrared band (including near infrared 1.0 μm, 1.3–1.5 μm, and mid infrared 2.0–3.0 μm) and analyzes the research status and development trend of active optical fibers both in China and abroad from the perspectives of gain coefficient, gain bandwidth, and application of special fibers. Moreover, it explores the problems faced by China in this field, including a low localization rate of production equipment and lack of high-end industrialized products, and puts forward the key development strategies, directions, and goals of key active optical fibers in China. Furthermore, we propose several suggestions from the aspects of basic theoretical innovation, sustainable industrial development, policy system construction, high-tech products, circular development of the entire industry chain, and personnel training, thereby promoting the high-quality and rapid development of key active optical fibers in China.
The development of advanced nuclear energy systems imposes stringent requirements on the service stability of nuclear materials under extreme environments characterized by multiple stressors. Continuous silicon-carbide-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiCf/SiC) ceramic matrix composites possess advantages such as low density, excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and irradiation tolerance. Furthermore, SiCf/SiC composites demonstrate a pseudo-ductile fracture behavior under external forces, positioning them as highly promising structural materials for advanced nuclear energy systems. This study systematically summarizes the fundamental research framework on nuclear-grade SiCf/SiC composites at the material, component, and service performance levels. It also analyzes the developmental trends in this field among traditional nuclear powerhouses such as the United States, France, and Japan, as well as in other emerging nuclear energy countries and China. Furthermore, the study identifies existing issues and challenges faced by China’s nuclear-grade SiCf/SiC sector in terms of raw materials, data accumulation, and patent standards, and proposes targeted measures and suggestions: (1) strengthening the research and development of material preparation technologies, (2) developing a new paradigm of research and development, (3) reinforcing the industry-university-research-application cooperation, and (4) enhancing international exchanges on the basis of maintaining independence. The aim of the study is to provide guidance and reference for the research directions and policy-making in China’s nuclear-grade SiCf/SiC sector.
Steel scraps are renewable resources and indispensable iron resources for the iron and steel industry. In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, it is crucial to reconstruct the technology system for steel scrap recycling and utilization and innovate the management mode of steel scrap resources, so as to fundamentally crack the bottleneck of high-quality recycling and utilization of steel scraps for the green and low-carbon transformation of the iron and steel industry. This study analyzes the development status of the global steel scrap industry by comparison, predicts the changing trend of raw steel output and steel scrap resources in China, and proposes the possible existence of full steel scrap smelting in China around 2060. Moreover, the development directions of standardization, informatization, digitalization, and intelligentization of the steel scrap industry are summarized. The pressing problems and challenges regarding steel scrap recycling and utilization in China are systematically sorted out in terms of standards and institutional system, precise classification and recycling, material design based on extended producer responsibility (EPR), and digital identity parsing. On this basis, a new “4F5Z” pattern is innovatively proposed for the high-quality recycling and utilization of steel scrap resources, and its organizational framework and implementation strategy are clearly given. Specifically, the EPR system should be implemented in a coordinated manner toward a possible era of full steel scraps and from the aspects of the full life cycle, full production process, and full industrial chain (“4F”) of steel materials, thus to realize the sorted management, recycling, and reuse of steel scrap resources. Meanwhile, the digitalization, informatization, labelling, and networking of full production process management should be strengthened and gradually transition to the robotization of high-quality steel scrap dismantling and recycling (“5Z”). Furthermore, to provide a solid guarantee for the full implementation of the “4F5Z” pattern, we propose the following suggestions: (1) improving the system, technology, and management for EPR implementation in the iron and steel industry, (2) strengthening the construction of a standards system for the steel scrap industry, (3) strengthening the digital labelling and analysis of the entire industrial chain and the whole life cycle of iron and steel materials, and (4) reinforcing the sorted collection, recycling, and reuse of steel scraps in key industries.
As new energy sources such as solar and wind energy develop rapidly, energy storage will usher in explosive growth owing to its ability to solve the problems of intermittent power generation. Vanadium redox flow battery has the characteristics of intrinsic safety, excellent lifecycle economical efficiency, and environmental friendliness, and is ready for industrial application; therefore, such battery becomes increasingly important in the field of energy storage. This study analyzes the development trend of the vanadium redox flow battery. Considering the unit vanadium consumption of the vanadium redox flow battery, it predicts the demand trend of vanadium resources in the energy storage field under three scenarios: high-speed, reference, and low-speed development. The demand for vanadium resources will increase rapidly in the future, especially under the high-growth scenario, and the global demand for vanadium resources in 2040 will increase by 276‒338 times compared with that in 2021. With the rapid development of vanadium redox flow batteries, vanadium resources will be in short supply in the future. In view of the above situations, countermeasures for ensuring the supply of vanadium resources are proposed: (1) promoting technological research regarding vanadium redox flow batteries; (2) strengthening the geological exploration of vanadium mines to explore new vanadium resources; (3) innovating the methods and technologies for extracting vanadium from vanadium-titanium magnetite to improve the utilization efficiency of vanadium resources; (4) increasing the recycling of vanadium resources; and (5) emphasizing the layout and development of overseas vanadium-titanium magnetite.
Nickel resources are vital for national economic development. As the largest consumer of nickel metal worldwide, China faces a scarcity of nickel metal raw materials which depend highly on imports. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve breakthroughs in nickel resource exploration, promote the comprehensive development and utilization of nickel resources, and broaden import channels, to ensure a secure and stable supply of nickel resources. Based on the analysis of the latest data of the nickel industry, this study reviews the nickel resource endowments and the status of nickel supply and demand in China and abroad, and summarizes the genetic types, spatiotemporal distribution, and prospecting potentials of nickel ore deposits. It also analyzes the issues facing the development and supply security of China’s nickel resource industry, and proposes key technologies for nickel exploration as well as development paths for the comprehensive utilization of nickel resources. To ensure the stable supply and safe development of nickel resources in China, countermeasures are proposed from both international and domestic aspects. Internationally, it is necessary to stabilize the important nickel resource import markets represented by Indonesia and the Philippines, increase investment in mining projects overseas to enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises, and strengthen international cooperation to diversify the channels for nickel resource imports. Domestically, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) increasing nickel resource exploration, (2) promoting the comprehensive utilization of nickel resources to increase the utilization rate of recycled nickel resources, (3) optimizing traditional technical processes and adjusting the industrial structure, (4) strengthening nickel reserve bases to ensure effective increase in reserves; and (5) encouraging research on mining technologies of potential nickel ores such as ferromanganese nodules on the ocean floor.
Cobalt is an essential material for the development of the new energy industry. Based on the latest data regarding the cobalt resource industry of China and worldwide, this study analyzes the challenges faced by the development of China’s cobalt resource industry from the aspects of cobalt resource endowment, supply-demand situation of cobalt concentrate and refined cobalt, and industry policy. China is the world’s largest producer of refined cobalt and largest consumer of cobalt; however, its cobalt resources are extremely scarce and its ultra-high dependence on foreign countries and single source of imports have put China’s cobalt resource security at risk. In response to the above problems, we propose the following countermeasures: (1) adopting effective measures to increase China’s cobalt reserves; (2) diversifying cobalt import channels to ensure a stable access to overseas cobalt resources; (3) implementing supportive policies to help China-invested overseas enterprises stabilize their production; (4) establishing a cobalt reserve system to improve the cobalt resource guarantee capacity of China; (5) strengthening the comprehensive utilization technologies to increase the amount of available cobalt resources; and (6) emphasizing research of potential cobalt resources, such as sea-floor cobalt resources in ferromanganese nodules and crusts.
Praseodymium (Pr) is a critical mineral for the global clean energy industry. The global demand for Pr continues to increase. China possesses the largest proven reserves and highest production of Pr worldwide. However, a future Pr supply-demand gap still could occur in China. Developing a circular economy and promoting material recycling are considered as solutions to the potential supply constraints. This study adopts a material flow analysis method and combines it with the recycling input rate (RIR) indicator to estimate the potential quantities of the Pr recycling supply in China from 2011 to 2020. The key findings are as follows: (1) From 2011 to 2020, 7.902 × 104 t Pr entered the anthropogenic cycle system in China from the supply side, of which 1.639 × 104 t Pr originated from recycling; (2) 1.369 × 104 t Pr was recycled from NdFeB magnet production scraps, with the RIR remaining stable at approximately 17%; (3) theoretically, 2.7 × 103 t Pr could be recycled from end-of-life (EoL) products, and the RIR of EoL products could increase from 0.04% to 5.17%. In view of the major challenges in realizing Pr recycling from EoL products, this study proposes improvement strategies to promote Pr recycling in China. They include improving the extended producer responsibility of China, progressively establishing consumer responsibility for relevant products, and guiding the industry to formulate recycling-related technical specifications and industry standards.
Platinum group metals (PGMs) are indispensable for the automobile, petrochemical, energy, and national defense industries. However, the mineral resources of PGMs are extremely scarce in China, and the contradiction is prominent between the supply and demand of the resources. Therefore, recycling PGMs becomes an important measure to ensure the safe supply of PGMs and support the high-quality development of related industries. This study analyzes the supply and application of PGMs, clarifies the supply and demand trend of the PGMs market, and sorts out the recycling technologies of PGMs. The hydrometallurgical process includes cyanidation as well as hydrogen chloride combined oxidant method. The pyrometallurgical process includes capture by lead, copper, matte, and iron. The research and application of the pyro-hydro-metallurgical recycling process for PGMs are elaborated from the aspects of the roasting-leaching, iron capture-acid leaching, and low-temperature iron capture-electrolysis-centrifugal extraction processes. The low-temperature iron capture-electrolysis-centrifugal extraction process follows the research idea of low-temperature iron capture. Through the design of slags with a low melting point, the iron capture temperature is reduced from beyond 1800 ℃ to around 1400 ℃. The enriched Fe-PGM alloy is further enriched by electrolysis, and Pd, Pt, and Rh are successively obtained through centrifugal extraction and purification, realizing the short-process separation and purification of PGMs. This process has the advantages of green, high efficiency, and low cost. Focusing on the high-quality development of the PGM recycling industry, we propose the following suggestions: (1) conducting basic research and technical breakthroughs centering the entire process of PGM enrichment, separation and purification, as well as pollution prevention and control; (2) accelerating the construction of a full-chain standards system for PGM recycling and a green and low-carbon industrial ecological environment; and (3) improving the Internet Plus capabilities through the entire business links to realize the intellectualization of the whole recycling-processing-reuse process.
New energy industries, such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation, are key to supporting the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals of China. The installed capacity of wind and PV power in China is the largest worldwide; therefore, it is necessary to secure the supply of key metal materials and conduct a more accurate management of emerging solid wastes. This study sets different development scenarios based on the historical data and planning objectives of wind and PV power industries of China. It assesses the demand, waste, and supply of key metals in China’s new energy industry using a life distribution model of wind and PV power generation equipment, and focuses on identifying the supply pressure of silver, copper, gallium, silver, steel, and neodymium, thereby providing a basic support for realizing the green and low-carbon development of the energy industry by 2060. In the baseline scenario, the decommissioned volume of the wind and PV power generation industries will reach 4.6 GW and 28.3 GW in 2035, respectively; and the total decommissioned volume (by mass) of both wind and PV power generation equipment will reach 2.54 ×106 t and 1.048 ×107 t in 2035 and 2060, respectively. In terms of the supply of key metals for the new energy industry during 2030‒2060, iron and steel have a low supply risk (≤5%), neodymium has a medium-high supply risk (25%‒50%), copper and silver have a high supply risk (50%‒100%), and the supply of gallium and indium are at an extremely high risk owing to their excessive peak demand. To improve the security and diversity of the supply chain of the new energy industry, it is necessary to ensure the sustainable supply of metal mineral resources and promote material recycling and efficient use. Furthermore, we propose the following recommendations: (1) treating decommissioned equipment for wind and PV power generation as waste electrical and electronic products, (2) incorporating wind and PV power generation enterprises into the Catalogue of Classified Management of Pollutant Discharge Permits for Stationary Pollution Sources, (3) improving the distributed new-energy solid-waste recycling system, and (4) developing recycling technologies for emerging solid wastes.
Strategic minerals are the cornerstone of national security and stable development. China’s strategic mineral imports are highly dependent on maritime transport, and ensuring smooth maritime routes is crucial for safeguarding the security of strategic mineral imports. This study analyzes the overall pattern of China’s strategic mineral imports and maritime routes. Taking the iron ore maritime import network as an example, the study evaluates the importance and failure impacts of key maritime routes, summarizes the risk sources of important maritime routes, and proposes corresponding security strategies. The research finds that China’s strategic mineral imports are highly dependent on maritime routes. Based on the case study of iron ore maritime transport, the importance and failure impacts of maritime routes are identified. It is suggested to build differentiated and refined response strategies, focus on the protection of the Cape of Good Hope and the Lombok Strait transport corridor network, and pay attention to the safe navigation of large vessels. The risks of maritime routes for China’s strategic minerals mainly come from three aspects: navigational passages, international disputes and war threats, and non-traditional security issues. In response, multi-domain response strategies can be implemented, including building multiple strategic pivot nodes, constructing a multidimensional early warning system and an alternative route response mechanism, strengthening the construction of cross-border rail–sea intermodal transport corridors, conducting preventive diplomatic work, improving the maritime security system, and implementing hierarchical and differentiated risk-response measures.
The ore grade is a core indicator for measuring the economic value of minerals, and its online detection capability is related to the economic benefits, environmental impact, and production intelligence level of a mining enterprise. This study discusses the application value and classification of online detection technologies for ore grade and summarizes the research and application progress of these technologies in terms of the following technical directions: radioactive, optical, electromagnetic, and machine-vision detection. Challenges faced by the development of related technologies are identified at the technical research and practical application levels. Challenges at the technical research level include (1) accuracy bottlenecks and interference factors, (2) difficulties in signal analysis and optimization, and (3) model construction and data dependency. Challenges at the practical application level include (1) radiation safety and cost-effectiveness, (2) technological breakthroughs adapted to diverse ore characteristics, and (3) stable operation and real-time feedback in harsh environments. The study further elaborates on the future development directions of online detection technologies for ore grade. Future efforts should focus on breakthroughs in exploring the forefront of multimodal fusion and intelligent perception technologies, iterating and upgrading intelligent perception and data processing algorithms, developing miniaturized/remote/intelligent equipment, and constructing and optimizing real-time dynamic monitoring network systems. Moreover, emerging technologies, such as deep learning for promoting the fusion analysis of micro and macro features, quantum computing and bioinspired algorithms, as well as intelligent sensor networks and the Internet of Things technology, are summarized. Furthermore, active actions are recommended in the following aspects: (1) technological innovation and equipment upgrading, (2) standards formulation and standardization construction, (3) deepening of the industry–education–research–application cooperation mechanism, (4) talent cultivation and team building, and (5) international cooperation and resource sharing, thereby promoting the intelligent and efficient development and utilization of mineral resources.
Energy Internet is crucial for promoting energy transition and revolution, and it has achieved multi-dimensional development in terms of technology, system, and industry. The development of energy Internet involves a wide range of aspects including technology, policy, and business; however, there are relatively few theoretical discussions on the complex coordination relationships within the energy Internet industry. This study identifies the implications of energy Internet from the technology, system, and industry aspects, proposes a technology–mechanism–mode analysis model and a simplified “hanging bell” model for the energy Internet industry, and summarizes the development patterns of China’s energy Internet industry as pattern exploration, policy guidance, technology research and development, pattern maturity, policy deficiency, and technology advantage types; practice cases are also summarized. On this basis, the feasible paths for the development of China’s energy Internet industry are analyzed using the “hanging bell” model, focusing on the development cases of the renewable energy, electric vehicle, and hydrogen industries, and specific development paths such as technology enhancement, mechanism enhancement, and mode enhancement are suggested. This study is expected to help understand the development logic of the energy Internet industry and provide references for further exploring the applications and promoting the development scale of the energy Internet.
As a crucial component of urban development and territorial space resources, the urban underground space plays an increasingly important role in the new development stage. This study analyzes the new demand and challenges in the new development stage and proposes development strategies of the urban underground space accordingly. Based on the characteristics and requirements of the new development stage, this study analyzes the strategic demand for urban underground space utilization from the perspectives of territorial space planning system, green and low-carbon resilience concepts, and urban renewal modes. Subsequently, it proposes a series of new challenges to be addressed for urban underground space development in the new development stage. These challenges include the deficiency in territorial resource investigation and assessment, ambiguity in underground bearing capacity, deficiency in exploiting the low-carbon and resilient potentials of the urban underground space, and imbalance in resource allocation and ambiguity in development mechanism of the infrastructure. Furthermore, eight priority tasks and corresponding development suggestions are proposed from the aspects of legal and administrative system development, smart management of resources, planning theories and methods, data-driven paradigm, deep space utilization, spatial reconfiguration of built space, integral development of new areas, and regulation of metro-led space. This study is expected to provide insights for the legislation, planning, construction, and management of the urban underground space.
The technological revolution under geopolitics has intensified the risks of China’s scientific and technological security. Building a risk monitoring and early warning system in the field of scientific and technological security is of great significance for maintaining scientific and technological security and even national security. In the face of intensified game risks, autonomous loss of control risks, technology mismatch risks, and stable development risks in the field of science and technology in China, decoding the internal logic of the operation of the risk monitoring and early warning system in the field of science and technology security, empowering the construction of the risk monitoring and early warning system through technological means, and proposing guarantee strategies. Research suggests that the monitoring and early warning of technological security risks should be based on six logical prerequisites: institutional support, cross domain cooperation, information sharing, intellectual participation, industrial governance, and technological empowerment; From the perspective of systems theory, a risk monitoring and early warning system in the field of science and technology security is constructed by establishing an indicator system, clarifying the monitoring and early warning process, and building a modular model; To ensure the effective implementation of the monitoring and early warning system, the country needs to improve relevant regulations and implement industry standards, expand the integration of new technologies, improve emergency response mechanisms and collaborative mechanisms, establish monitoring and early warning guidance institutions, strengthen talent cultivation and team building, and promote the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and technological security to ensure the high-quality operation of the monitoring and early warning system.
Currently, the digital transformation of the financial industry in China has moved from multiple breakthroughs into a new stage of deepening and high-quality development, which necessitates a collaborative governance mechanism that coordinates multiple parties including governments, enterprises, and individuals. In view of the new, complex, and potentially harmful financial risks arising in the context of digital transformation, the financial industry urgently needs to improve its financial risk monitoring and early-warning capabilities to effectively protect financial security. This study analyzes the progress of digital transformation of the financial industry as well as the implications and characteristics of new financial risks through literature research and theoretical analysis. It also investigates the mainstream financial risk monitoring and early-warning technologies in China and abroad, and clarifies the prominent problems regarding risk characterization and recognition, transmission and tracking, and inference assessment. Furthermore, we propose the overall framework, innovative research methods, and improving paths for the financial risk monitoring and early-warning system in the context of digital transformation. This study reveals that financial risks have new characteristics in the context of digital transformation, such as faster update and iteration, higher risk frequency, and stronger concealment. Existing financial risk monitoring and early-warning technologies have numerous deficiencies and face multiple challenges in dealing with new financial risks, such as difficulty in characterizing, tracking, and assessing risks. Therefore, to improve the financial risk prevention capability of China and guarantee national financial security, it is proposed to develop cross-industry sharing standards for financial data, establish a knowledge representation paradigm and a cross-industry transmission mechanism of financial risks, and build a large model regarding financial risk monitoring and early warning.
Currently, China is undergoing a comprehensive transition toward a digital society, which has placed renewed emphasis on the need for robust national-level digital management capabilities. Identity management serves as a foundational support for the construction of Digital China and social security in the new era, with direct implications for national, social, and individual security. This study explores the major challenges faced by the digital identity system in supporting digital society governance, analyzes the current status and key problems of digital identity management, proposes the development goal and major tasks of building a secure and reliable digital social identity management system, and clarifies the trend of key technologies in establishing a digital identity system with Chinese characteristics. Furthermore, we propose the following suggestions: (1) strengthening top-level design to formulate the development strategy and implementation roadmap of digital identity, (2) improving related laws and regulations, (3) establishing a digital identity management system with a hybrid architecture featuring centralized management and distributed authentication, (4) strengthening digital identity supervision capabilities, (5) enhancing the standard management of participants, (6) fostering ecological cooperation, and (7) actively engaging in global governance, thus to promote the development of the digital identity system and facilitate the long-term and stable development of digital society administration.
After over 60 years of development, the space propulsion field in China has made tremendous progress in terms of technology system and product pedigree, and has supported major engineering applications including manned spaceflight, applied satellites, and deep space exploration. However, considering the requirements of future major aerospace missions in China, the technical level of current space propulsion systems is still insufficient, and it is urgent to plan directions for the innovative development and breakthroughs of the field. This study reviews the development status of the space propulsion systems from the aspects of electric, chemical, nuclear, and new-concept space propulsion, and analyzes the requirements of future applications. Specifically, high-performance, low-cost space propulsion systems are required to support the networking of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) small satellites; high-thrust, reusable low-temperature chemical propulsion technologies are required for new space-transportation systems; and multi-type, long-life space propulsion technologies are required for deep-space applications. The results demonstrate that the space propulsion field in China still faces multiple challenges. First, the system reliability and lifespan require further improvement. Second, the space propulsion systems of China still lag behind the advanced international level in terms of product maturity of some technologies. Third, this field typically has a high product cost. Fourth, there are few types of optional technologies, and the research progress of key technologies is lagging. Therefore, we propose the following suggestions: (1) optimizing technology options through top-level planning, (2) improving the development mechanism of the field by emphasizing basic research, and (3) clarifying and promoting scientific research and development in key technological directions, thereby achieving in-orbit applications of the propulsion systems for LEO small satellites, Earth–Moon space transfer, and deep space exploration (including manned spaceflight).
Strengthening the cyber industry is a major strategic goal of China in the new era of development. It is also crucial for the modernization of national governance system and capabilities. Technical standards serve as key tools for achieving consensus and fostering cooperation, making them vitally important to the construction of a shared cyberspace community and the establishment of a comprehensive governance system. This study examines the current international development in cyberspace governance driven by technical standards, focusing on key elements such as paradigmatic nature, multi-sourcing, legal integration, patent-related issues, and network effects. We systematically summarize China’s experiences, challenges, and existing issues in this area, proposing corresponding thoughts, overall objectives, and strategic paths. In response to issues such as China’s weak core technical capabilities in cyberspace, insufficient international discourse power over technical standards, uncoordinated legislation on standards content, urgent need for improving standard-essential patent systems, and suboptimal network effects of technical standards, this study proposes developmental suggestions. These include targeting technical standards in key areas, promoting diversification of entities responsible for technical standards development, providing vocational training and talent education related to technical standards, strengthening patent management and intellectual property protection, emphasizing the popularization and adoption of technical standards, as well as advancing international cooperation and standardization. The aim is to enhance the effectiveness of standardized governance, elevate the level of national standardization, and promote the progress of cyberspace governance in China.
Future industries are crucial in shaping new productive forces, and their development highly depends on innovation breakthroughs in disruptive technologies. However, the current basic research and technological innovation capabilities of China are still weak, which lies in the failure to grasp the fundamental laws of technological innovation activities from a philosophical perspective. This study employs the analytical methods of phenomenological eidetic reduction and transcendental reduction to explore the complex philosophical issues underlying the bottleneck of disruptive technological innovation. It traces the lineage of technical philosophy and scientific philosophy, clarifies the dialectical relationship between modern technology and scientific research, and projects the problem of technological innovation into the realm of fundamental spatiotemporal categories. The study reveals that the traditional dynamical spatiotemporal perspective adheres to a mind-body dualistic philosophical thought, viewing space and time as abstract concepts transcending any frame of reference, thereby neglecting the crucial role played by the body and practical activities. Therefore, this study integrates modern science with the theory of spatiotemporal phenomenology to promote the reconstruction of spatiotemporal dimensions characterized by data representation, knowledge flow, and embodied coupling. It actively responds to the strategic needs of future industries and the logical framework of science, establishing an evolutionary framework for future scientific research paradigms termed technological science, intelligent science, and embodied science. It incorporates systems science methodologies to construct a disruptive technological innovation system characterized by engineering application, intelligent integration, and embodied collaboration. Furthermore, based on the quadruple phenomenon structure of philosophy–science–technology–industry and the engineering innovation strategy of new quality–new knowledge, three development recommendations are proposed: establishment of special working groups, enhancement of service support mechanisms, and promotion of technological innovation capabilities of enterprises.