Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) develops rapidly in recent years in China; meanwhile, it faces new challenges and shoulders new historical missions. Moreover, the inheritance and innovation of TCM is crucial for the promotion of the Healthy China initiative. To continuously promote the high-quality development of TCM, this study analyzes the current status and development problems of TCM development from the aspects of theoretic innovation, clinical advantages and evaluation, TCM resource development and utilization, intelligent manufacturing, and globalization. Furthermore, six countermeasures are proposed. First, efforts should focus on the theoretical research of TCM, and a population-based TCM health program is suggested. Second, the existing management mechanisms and systems should be innovated, and innovation trials should be conducted in key evaluation systems and methods. Third, the TCM talent team construction should be strengthened to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment levels and scientific research and development of TCM. Fourth, domestic and international resources can be integrated to stimulate the vitality of the TCM industry and promote the comprehensive development and utilization of TCM resources. Fifth, intelligent manufacturing of TCM should be emphasized, and innovative development of theoretical research, technical systems, and personnel training should be coordinated. Sixth, the globalization of TCM should be promoted to realize the integration of TCM with international traditional and modern medicine.

The development of the pharmaceutical industry is the cornerstone for safeguarding people’s lives and health. This study is based on a macro perspective and provides a comprehensive and in-depth comparison of the development trend of the pharmaceutical industry in China and abroad. It is pointed out that the global market size and strategic position of the pharmaceutical industry in various countries are constantly improving. Meanwhile, the development prospect of China’s pharmaceutical industry is broad, and the potential market space is large. On this basis, we further explore the development prospects and driving factors of China’s pharmaceutical industry, including changes in population structure and increased health awareness, increasing global competitive pressure, sustained government investment and support for the pharmaceutical industry, and increase in research and development (R & D) investment by leading enterprises. Moreover, from the perspective of medical practice, we propose the challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry in five aspects: precision, safety, timeliness, affordability, and policy guarantee. Furthermore, in response to the challenges we face, we propose the following targeted countermeasures: (1) building and maintaining a refined large-populationbased cohort and data platform while providing sustained support; (2) accelerating the R & D and transformation of China’s internationally leading technologies in the pharmaceutical industry to strengthen original innovation and seize the market; (3) promoting the industrialization of pharmaceutical R & D by encouraging industry–education–research integration in the R & D and clinical trials stage, strengthening the evaluation ability in the evaluation stage, and improving guarantee services such as intellectual property protection in the promotion stage of innovative products; (4) improving multi-level medical security channels to strive for more sources of support and reduce the burden of self-payment for patients; and (5) enhancing the full chain of policy protection and implementation efficiency to effectively stimulate the development momentum of the medical industry. This study aims to provide a reference for the subsequent investment, policy formulation, and development decisions of China’s pharmaceutical industry.

Spiking neural network (SNN) is a new generation of artificial neural network. It is more biologically plausible and has been widely concerned by scholars owing to its unique information coding schemes, rich spatiotemporal dynamics, and event-driven operating mode with low power. In recent years, SNN has been explored and applied in many fields such as medical health, industrial detection, and intelligent driving. First, the basic elements and learning algorithms of SNN are introduced, including classical spiking neuron models, spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), and common information coding methods. The advantages and disadvantages of the learning algorithms are also analyzed. Then, the mainstream software simulators and neuromorphic hardware of SNN are summarized. Subsequently, the research progress and application scenarios of SNN in terms of computer vision, natural language processing, and reasoning decision are introduced. Particularly, SNN has shown strong potentials in tasks such as object detection, action recognition, semantic cognition, and speech recognition, significantly improving computational performance. Future research and application of SNN should focus on strengthening the research on key core technologies, promoting the application of technological achievements, and continuously optimizing the industrial ecology, thus to catch up with the advanced international level. Moreover, continuous research and breakthroughs of brain-inspired systems and control theories will promote the establishment of large-scale SNN models and are expected to broaden the application prospect of artificial intelligence.

The sixth-generation mobile communications (6G) will usher in a new era of information technology that is characterized by “intelligence empowering all things and wisdom being self-generated”. Simultaneously, corresponding technological research has become a new trend in the mobile communication industry. In the context of large-scale commercialization of the fifth-generation mobile communications (5G) in China, it is of great significance to clarify the development needs, understand the development trend, and propose the development layout of 6G for accelerating the development of the digital economy and seizing the international competitive advantage in the future. This study summarizes the problems of 5G development that still need to be addressed by 6G, including insufficient application depth, inadequate demand coverage, and low return on investment. It points out some key application scenarios that urgently need 6G empowerment, and comprehensively reviews the strategic deployment of 6G in developed and major developing countries, clarifying major trends such as optimizing and upgrading traditional industries through 6G commercialization, achieving major breakthroughs in 6G key core technologies, and strengthening 6G network security to modernize the national security system. Currently, China’s development of 6G faces prominent challenges regarding research and development investment, technology standards, open ecology, network security, and privacy protection. Therefore, it is necessary to use the new national system to break through technological innovation barriers, enhance the formulation of 6G standards, deepen international cooperation on 6G to build an open and win-win global industrial ecosystem, and develop core 6G technologies to establish a secure and controllable technical system. This study is expected to provide theoretical inspirations and practical references for the development and innovative application of 6G technology in China.

The hydrogen energy serves as the best energy source for future aircraft owing to its efficiency, cleanness, and sustainability. In the context of widespread attention paid to aviation carbon reduction and the trend of low-carbon development of the aviation transportation industry, it is of great value to promote the development and application of hydrogen-powered aircraft. This study analyzes the development background of hydrogen-powered aircraft considering the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals for the aviation industry, and reviews the cutting-edge planning of hydrogen-powered aircraft in other countries as well as the latest progress in overall research and flight testing of hydrogen-powered aircraft in China. A detailed analysis is conducted on the key technology system for the development and application of hydrogen-powered aircraft, covering the overall design, liquid hydrogen storage tanks, hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen-fueled turbine engines, hydrogen-fueled aviation internal combustion engines, safety and airworthiness technologies, and hydrogen refueling infrastructure. Focusing on the industrial application needs of future hydrogenpowered aircraft, corresponding total cost of ownership (TCO) models are constructed for commuting/short-range hydrogen-powered aircraft. The calculation results indicate that the TCO of commuting/short-range hydrogen-powered aircraft will be on par with that of pure electric aircraft and fuel-powered aircraft around 2045. Further suggestions are proposed, including adhering to the synchronous development of multiple technological routes, prioritizing the development of power systems, conducting scientific and orderly research and development, and promoting the construction of airworthiness standards systems, thus to provide a basic reference for research on aviation technology innovation and high-quality development of the aviation transportation industry.

Biotechnology is crucial for the sustainable development of the aquatic seed industry. Therefore, improving the innovation capability in aquatic breeding and making seed sources independent are significant for ensuring food security in China. This study summarizes the development status and problems of aquatic breeding in China and analyzes the status of research and application of seven types of biotechnology for aquatic breeding, namely, transgenic breeding, ploidy breeding, molecular-marker-assisted breeding, genomic selection breeding, genome editing breeding, molecular design breeding, and germline stem cell transplantation; future research and development demand for these technical fields in China is further analyzed. Moreover, future development goals and major tasks are suggested, including collecting, preserving, and accurately identifying excellent germplasm resources of aquatic organisms, profoundly analyzing the genetic basis and regulatory mechanism of critical traits, developing efficient and accurate breeding technologies, and achieving breakthroughs in the creation of new varieties. Furthermore, following suggestions are proposed: optimizing development policies of the aquatic seed industry, promoting technological innovation in aquatic breeding, establishing platforms for aquatic variety creation and transformation, and setting up special projects to accelerate technological innovation and development of the aquatic seed industry.

As an important component of the new power system, electrochemical energy storage is crucial for addressing the challenge regarding high-proportion consumption of renewable energies and for promoting the coordinated operation of the source, grid, load, and storage sides. As a mainstream technology for energy storage and a core technology for the green and low-carbon transformation of existing energy structures, the electrochemical energy storage technology still needs to be further developed to adapt to the challenges brought about by the rapid growth of energy storage scale and the increasingly complex energy storage system. This study analyzes the demand for electrochemical energy storage from the power supply, grid, and user sides, and reviews the research progress of the electrochemical energy storage technology in terms of strategic layout, key materials, and structural design. Moreover, it clarifies the development trend of electrochemical energy storage technologies and identifies the problems such as inconsistency in product specifications, deficiency in detection platforms, and disconnection between theory and practice. Future efforts need to focus on the following directions: key materials with high performance, high safety, and low cost; optimization and evaluation of the structures of energy storage devices; multi-energy complementary and intelligent design of the energy storage systems; and commercial application modes of electrochemical energy storage. Furthermore, it is necessary to strengthen pilot demonstrations, formulate an industry standards system, improve the infrastructure, and cultivate talent teams for energy storage, thereby ensuring the high-quality development of the electrochemical energy storage technologies and industry.

Diets significantly affect the nutrition and health of people as well as the resources and environment. Promoting a sustainable healthy diets among the Chinese population is crucial for implementing the Healthy China initiative, fostering sustainable development, and ensuring national food security in China. This study reviews the forming process of the sustainable healthy diets concept, presents several representative sustainable dietary patterns, and clarifies the international consensus on sustainable healthy diets from the perspectives of nutrition and health, resource and environment, and socio-economics. Moreover, it analyzes the current dietary patterns of Chinese residents and focuses on associated nutrition and health issues and resource and environmental challenges caused by changes in dietary patterns. Furthermore, we recommend that China should propose targeted plans to guide and optimize residents’ dietary patterns, implement multiple measures to foster a healthy and sustainable food consumption habit among residents, and establish a sustainable and healthy dietary supply system. This can help cope with the double challenges of increasing nutritional imbalance and environmental degradation and improve the formulation of national food policies.

Carbon emission reduction in the construction industry is crucial for promoting low-carbon transformation of the industry and for realizing the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. This study analyzes the current status of carbon emissions in Chinese construction industry. It identifies that the production of building materials and the operation of buildings are the primary sources of carbon emissions in the overall construction process. Moreover, the growth rate of carbon emissions from the construction industry in China is decelerating, and the spatial characteristics of carbon emissions demonstrate an increase from the south to the north and from the west to the east. We have identified six key challenges that must be addressed to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the construction industry of China: policy and standards framework, energy-efficient and carbon-reducing technologies, reduction of carbon emissions from existing buildings, carbon emission data collection and monitoring systems, green financial system, and increased awareness of carbon reduction. Staged goals for the low-carbon development of the construction industry are also proposed. Furthermore, we suggest improving related policies and standards system, optimizing the use of energy-saving technologies, reducing carbon emissions in existing buildings, developing green finance, improving the ability to monitor carbon emissions, and enhancing the awareness of energy conservation and carbon reduction, so as to provide references for the low-carbon transformation and high-quality development of China’s construction industry.

China is facing significant challenges in healthcare owing to a severe aging population, continuously increasing healthcare demands, and uneven distribution of healthcare resources. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in the human medical and health field can provide innovative support in theory and diagnosis for surgeons, researchers, and patients, contributing to improved clinical outcomes, reduced medical costs, and the promotion of balanced distribution of healthcare resources. This paper starts from four aspects: surgical robots, rehabilitation and nursing robots, assisted telemedicine, and medical AI, extracts the typical applications of AI and robots in the medical field, assesses the current status of AI and robotics in medicine, and evaluates pertinent policies, laws, and regulatory frameworks. Based on the understanding of the challenges faced in the development of AI and robotics in medicine in China, it delineates phased development goals and identifies future key directions: advancing toward differentiated, miniaturized, and intelligent surgical robotics; emphasizing patient-centered rehabilitation and nursing robotics; achieving multi-tasking and high situational awareness in assisted telemedicine; and promoting medical AI for healthcare innovation. This paper suggests determining promising research directions for surgical robotics, promoting domestic production of core components, exploring commercially viable models that align with national conditions, expanding the coverage of product applications, focusing on the development of specialized talent pools, implementing technology innovation driven by clinical demands, and strengthening regulations to reduce medical accidents and safeguard data privacy. These measures are expected to foster high-quality development of AI and robotics in medicine in China.

Air traffic is exhibiting the characteristics of large flow, strong coupling, and high time variation. To ensure its smooth, efficient, safe, and reliable operation, an intelligent model for air traffic management that features digitalization, automation, and collaboration needs to be developed. This study reviews the current and future demand for air traffic management and analyzes the challenges faced by traditional air traffic management from the aspects of traffic control, airspace management, and flow control. It also summarizes four basic scientific problems: interaction mechanism and mode between aircraft and air control infrastructure, air– ground coordinated control of aircraft intervals based on acceptable risks, airspace operation modeling and optimization considering multiple factors and based on non-uniform rules, and evolution mechanism and congestion propagation features of high-density air traffic flow. Moreover, it is suggested to integrate the application of satellite Internet, big data, digital twin, cloud computing, and other frontier technologies, and build an intelligent management technology system for air traffic from the aspects of aircraft, airspace, control decision-making, and operation, thereby laying a technical foundation for the construction of a next-generation air traffic management system.

Food security in China is facing new challenges, including instability of the international supply chain, transformation and upgrading of the food system, and increased pressure to further reduce carbon emissions, making the future supply and demand situation of food in China unoptimistic. Therefore, it is imperative to deepen research on national food security strategies. As is predicted using the China Agricultural Sector Model, China’s grain supply and demand gap will reach the peak (1.66 × 108 t) in 2030 and its food self-sufficiency rate will continuously decline; however, the gap is expected to drop from 2035–2050. From 2020–2050, the total demand for livestock products, aquatic products, rapeseed, and sugar will continuously grow while their net imports will maintain growth. To address the prominent problems regarding food security in China in terms of farmland, supply chain, nutritional structure, systemic risk, and technological innovation, we propose the establishment of an all-encompassing approach to food. Additionally, food security should be maintained by relying on domestic production and supported by moderate imports and technological innovation. An overall food-security strategy that features self-sufficiency of grains, self-reliance of major agricultural products, and national food sovereignty should be implemented. We should hold on to the bottom line of maintaining a selfsufficiency rate of 97% for staple grains, 90% for grains, and 80% for overall grain supply. Focusing on the goals of revitalizing the seed industry, boosting land capacity, preventing and mitigating disasters, and achieving high efficiency and low carbon, we suggest a series of major projects for upgrading the seed industry, constructing high-standard grain fields, guaranteeing regional food security, promoting green and low-carbon development of agriculture, and substituting conventional feed protein. Furthermore, major measures should be adopted to strengthen food demand management, expand food supply chains, and enhance risk control, thereby ensuring the quantity, quality, and nutritional security of national food.

Water is the most active and critical factor in the socio-economic system, and the scale of greenhouse gas emissions accompanying water withdrawal and treatment is increasing. It is important to study the energy consumption and carbon emission of the social water cycle system to promote the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study summarizes the current status of energy consumption and carbon emissions in the social water cycle from the perspective of water ‒ energy‒ carbon nexus. Based on the analysis of change trends and influencing factors and focusing on existing problems and challenges, it proposes strategies for the efficient and low-carbon development of the social water cycle system under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets. China’s social water cycle system is developing toward an energy-intensive direction. The carbon emission intensity in water supply and drainage sectors increased the most, with an increase of 23.3% and 78.6% respectively from 2009—2021. With the increase of the scale of unconventional water and inter-basin water transfer, the energy consumption and carbon emission of the water system will continue to increase in the future, and the challenge of carbon neutrality is daunting. The study recommends that (1) basic scientific research should be strengthened and a carbon accounting system should be built for the whole process of social water cycle, (2) the research and development of system configuration and low-carbon technologies should be promoted to improve the comprehensive capabilities for pollution and carbon reduction as a whole, (3) energy conservation should be promoted in the whole society to realize the dual conservation of water and energy, and (4) carbon emission management in the water system should be improved to realize the low-carbon development of the social water cycle.

key to satisfy people’s demand for consumption of livestock and poultry products. This study focused on the strategic requirements of ensuring food security and achieving sustainable protein supply, and analyzed the utilization status of protein feed resources and summarized the major problems in protein feed supply. Based on the protein feed resources in China and the potential of protein supply in the international market, this article analyzed the potential for substituting soybean meal in our country. It is expected that by 2035 the soybean imports will have reduced 58.8 million tons compared with 2020 by expanding the planting, increasing the income of oil crops, developing new feed resources, utilizing conventional protein feed resources, efficiently, optimizing the planting structure of forage crops, as well as improving the efficiency of livestock and poultry protein conversion. It is suggested that future efforts should be focused on tapping potentials and expanding resources, strengthening scientific and technological support, also carrying out appropriate import by imptementing major projects such as increasing crop and forage production, improving quality and efficiency of unconventional protein feed resources, and developing new protein feed resources. In addition, financial support should be increased and the international market effectively exploited, in order to promote soybean meal substitution and ensure national food security.

Automatic equipment and information technologies make it possible to acquire multi-scale and multi-source heterogeneous data of crops under different growth conditions, forming big data on crop phenomics. This will greatly promote the research progress of crop functional genomics, digital breeding, and smart cultivation. In this paper, the demand for and industrial development of technology and equipment of big data on crop phenomics are analyzed. Then, the current situation of research and development in this area is summarized from five aspects: data acquisition hardware, data transmission, data analysis, knowledge formation, and applications. The problems and developmental trends of relevant technologies, equipment, and industrial application in China are analyzed from the perspectives of high-throughput acquisition and intelligent analysis of big data on crop phenomics. At last, the following suggestions are proposed: achieving breakthroughs regarding key crop phenotyping sensor technologies from the underlying chip level, forming an autonomous phenotyping extraction technology system on the basis of controllable open source, strengthening the standards system construction for big data on crop phenomics, creating a new model of genotype‒phenotype‒environment big data-driven digital breeding and smart cultivation, and building a talent pool and collaborative network for crop phenomics.

China has the world’s largest fisheries industry that has provided a healthy and high-quality food source. Currently, guaranteeing national food security, implementing an all-encompassing approach to food, and establishing a diversified food supply system all pose a great demand for the high-quality development of China’s fisheries industry. This study explores the development status and trend of fisheries in China from the aspects of fishery resources and capture, aquaculture and marine ranching, and aquatic product processing and circulation, and examines major problems through industry research and extensive discussion. Industry development goals and key measures are further proposed. Results found that the pressure on offshore capture is too high, understanding of deep-sea and polar resources is insufficient, the independent capability of technologies and equipment is inadequate, the mechanized, automatic, and intelligent levels of aquaculture are low, high-quality feed and raw materials rely heavily on imports, the basic software and hardware capabilities of the intelligent fisheries are deficient, and the aquatic product processing capacity is lagging behind. Therefore, the following key measures are proposed: conservation and restoration of offshore fishery resources, development and scientific utilization of deep-sea fishery resources, construction and application of a new technology system for green and healthy aquaculture, research and application of deep-sea aquaculture platform technologies, construction and promotion of new aquaculture models, and green processing and high-value utilization of aquatic products.Through the high-quality development of fisheries, China is expected to become advantageous in fisheries science and technology by 2035, with a total output of 8.1×10⁷ t of aquatic products. By 2050, intelligent fisheries is expected to be realized in China, outputting 1×10⁸ t of aquatic products.

Standardization is crucial for promoting the transformation and upgrading of agriculture in China, participating in international market competition, and enhancing China’s right of speed regarding global governance. This study summarizes the standardization practices of major agricultural powers worldwide, reviews the agricultural standardization progress of China, and analyzes the implications, characteristics, and trends of agricultural standardization in China in the new era. It also examines the realistic predicament faced by China and proposes paths for strengthening the agriculture sector of China through standardization. The agricultural standardization of China exhibits the following major features and trends: marketization of participants, covering many chains, diversification of implementation modes, precision of service objects, all-round pursuit of values, and internationalization of the evolution path. It is necessary to properly handle the internal relations between standardization and factors such as agricultural supply, scientific and technological equipment, management systems, industrial resilience, sustainable development, and international competitiveness. Problems including dependence on government public standards, lack of golden standards in market, inadequate coordination between standards of upstream and downstream links, limited participation of social subjects, and slow progress in standards internationalization must be addressed. To further promote agricultural standardization in China, we propose the following implementing paths: (1) creating a situation featuring coordination and interaction of agricultural standardization, (2) establishing an agricultural industry chain standards system that features high quality and vitality, and (3) promoting China’s right of speech and core competitiveness regarding agricultural standardization.

Coal machinery is crucial for the technological transformation of coal mining and the coal production system. Driven by the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals and the wave of intelligent coal mine construction, China’s coal machinery industry will transform and upgrade toward intelligence, green, safety, and efficiency. Opportunities and challenges coexist in the coal machinery market, and development of intelligent technologies and machinery for coal mining has become an urgent demand. This study is based on the development reality in China that intelligent coal mining is still in its early stage and sorts out the current status and trends of intelligent technologies and machinery for coal mining. Moreover, it analyzes the key technology system of intelligent coal machinery, covering intelligent coalmine equipment support, intelligent fully mechanized mining and caving, intelligent rapid excavation, intelligent perception and control of main/auxiliary transportation systems, and coalmine robot technologies. Moreover, development directions are proposed, including key basic materials and advanced processing techniques, flexible manufacturing and virtual simulation, equipment remanufacturing, deep fusion of 5G with industrial Internet, industrial big data and artificial intelligence, intelligent perception and interconnection by the Internet of Things, and cyber-physical and digital twin systems. Furthermore, we suggest to strengthen breakthroughs in intelligent technologies and machinery for coal mining, improve the talent support system, emphasize both plan guidance and industrial layout optimization, and establish an innovative ecosystem for coal machinery research and manufacture, thereby promoting the high-quality development of coal machinery.

Building a safe and controllable, unimpeded circulation, high-quality and efficient smart supply chain system for agricultural products has become an important step to stabilize the agricultural industrial chain and supply chain under the new development pattern.This paper starts with the urgent need of smart transformation of agricultural products supply chain system in the new development situation, analyzes the connotation and framework of high-quality development of smart supply chain system of agricultural products, and analyzes the effect of current construction of smart supply chain system of agricultural products in our country and the main weaknesses.The unbalanced digitization level of each link of the supply chain, the obvious phenomenon of information data island, and the prominent weakness of supporting system construction have become the core issues for the high-quality development of the smart supply chain system of agricultural products. It puts forward the strategic goal of high-quality development of smart supply chain for agricultural products from the 14th Five-Year Plan period to 2035. The key measures to promote the high-quality development of smart supply chain of agricultural products include in-depth research on key core technologies of smart supply chain of agricultural products, construction of big data platform for comprehensive management and service of provincial agricultural supply chain, promotion of digital transformation of all links of agricultural supply chain to deep development, and improvement of traceability system construction of agricultural product quality.

Water resources are basic natural and economic resources of strategic significance and are vital for the high-quality agricultural development and ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin. To implement the national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, it is significant to improve the use efficiency and allocation of water resources in the basin. This study focuses on the high-efficiency utilization and sustainable development of agricultural water resources, adopts the research methods of systematic hydrology, and adheres to an all-encompassing approach to food. Based on the theories and technologies for the optimal allocation of water resources in the process of high-quality agricultural development, it explores the mechanism for the hydrologic process of farmlands and investigates the challenges faced in terms of water use efficiency improvement, optimal allocation of agricultural and ecological water resources, collaborative optimization of water, food, and ecosystem, and construction of farmland information systems. Countermeasures are further proposed. This study reviews the agricultural water-saving and water resource allocation capabilities of the whole Yellow River Basin from a water cycle perspective and is expected to provide basic support for the optimal allocation of land and water resources, high-quality agricultural development, and ecological protection collaboration in the Yellow River Basin.

As a new economic form, the digital economy has become a crucial driver of economic growth. The relationship between the sixth-generation mobile communication (6G) and the digital economy is characterized by mutual promotion and dependence, with significant value in key technology research and intense international competition. This study systematically reviews the principles and current development status of key 6G technologies from three dimensions: 6G wireless technology, network technology, and security technology. It evaluates China’s global competitiveness in these key technology directions, specifically including wireless artificial intelligence (AI), massive MIMO technology, terahertz communication, intelligent reflecting surfaces, integrated sensing and communication, distributed networking, space-air-ground integrated networks, AI-native networks, computing power networks, physical layer security, network layer security, and data security and privacy protection. The study strongly recommends expediting the industrialization of pivotal technologies such as 6G wireless, networking, and security. This urgency is aimed at facilitating a groundbreaking advancement in 6G network capabilities to meet the evolving demands of future businesses. The emphasis is on safeguarding innovation, providing robust industry support, amplifying domestic demand, and ensuring a steady supply of skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is crucial to endorse the creation of an innovative ecosystem, which will serve as the cornerstone for the sustainable development of the 6G industry. To achieve these goals, the research suggests close collaboration with the global telecommunications industry, active participation in the formulation of international standards for 6G, and collective efforts to propel the industrialization of 6G technology.

Accurate identification and effective control of food security risks are crucial for national security. This study constructs a food security risk system that comprises nine major types of risk sources from the perspective of the entire industrial chain. Our research identifies seven main risks that China’s food security faces at the new stage: relatively lagging breeding technologies, prominent contradiction between resource supply and demand, frequent disasters, significant decline in farmers’ willingness to grow grains, increased uncontrollability of market trade, inadequacy in policy compliance and stability, and frequent impacts of unexpected events. Based on this, a strategic concept is proposed, that is, a food security risk management and control system that combines early identification, normal monitoring, and emergency warning and is capable of entire industrial chain risk identification, whole-process management, and multi-level linkage. Furthermore, the following strategies for controlling food security risks are proposed: (1) promoting food security legislation, (2) launching a key scientific and technological project for constructing a national food security risk control system, (3) improving infrastructure and defense systems, and (4) optimizing market-oriented means and tools for risk management. The research results are expected to provide decision-making references for promoting the modernization of China’s food security governance system and capacities.

The carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals have brought significant pressure and challenges to China’s civil aviation industry. Research on carbon reduction strategies for the industry has attracted great attention from China and abroad. This study summarizes the development status of and requirements for the low-carbon development of the global aviation industry (particularly commercial aircrafts), analyzes the carbon reduction status and problems of China’s civil aviation industry, and proposes corresponding development goals and basic ideas. Through industrial planning, product innovation, low-carbon energy utilization, and airline operation, carbon neutralization of China’s civil aviation industry is expected to be achieved by 2060, thus to form a green and low-carbon development pattern. Technological innovation is the key driving force for promoting the low-carbon transformation of the civil aviation industry. Therefore, we propose the following suggestions: planning the development and key technology research of low-carbon commercial aircrafts, accelerating the commercial application of sustainable aviation fuels, and developing intelligent aviation to promote low-carbon operations.

Civil aero-engine is the scientific and technological highland of modern industry and a symbol of the comprehensive national strength of a country; it is also crucial for constructing a new development pattern of dual circulation in China. The development of civil aero-engine industry in China started late and now it is in a critical period of development. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a strategic path for the independent development of the industry, thereby strengthening the transportation, manufacturing, and aviation sectors of China. Through field investigation and further discussion, experiences of other countries regarding aero-engine development are summarized and development status of aero-engines in China is analyzed. Moreover, existing problems of the aero-engine industry in China are examined while considering the development situation in China and abroad and focusing on market demand. The independent development of China’s aero-engine industry can be achieved by three steps and the three-step targets can be realized by promoting scientific and technological innovation capabilities, improving the industrial and supply chains, and encouraging international cooperation. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed: promoting the research and development of green power, establishing an aircraft – engine coordination mechanism, developing a multiple support mode, and strengthening policy support and guidance.

Considering the new situation of dietary structure transformation, frequent extreme weathers, and intensified international geopolitical conflicts, China needs to adopt an all-encompassing approach to food and exploit the food supply function of grassland agriculture to comprehensively improve its capability to ensure food security. Using qualitative and quantitative analysis, this study demonstrates the great value of developing grassland agriculture under the new situation, explores the trend of grassland agriculture development in typical countries, and summarizes its implications to China; furthermore, it evaluates the potential contribution of grassland agriculture to food security in China. The results show that rangeland has a great potential for providing high-quality livestock products and grassland agriculture can guarantee food security in rural areas. The agro-pastoral ecotones will be the major production bases for grassland-based livestock products and South China has dominant advantages in developing grassland agriculture. Therefore, we recommend to (1) strengthen rangeland restoration while rationally utilizing long-term grazing-prohibition rangelands, (2) regard forage as important as grain crop while strengthening grass breeding, (3) develop cultivated grasslands for gazing to relieve pressure on rangelands, (4) optimize the structure of livestock husbandry by promoting grain-saving grassland livestock husbandry, and (5) implement the strategy of “storing grain productivity in grassland” according to local conditions to enhance the food supply capacity of grassland.

The biomedical industry is developing at an unprecedented speed and the establishment and improvement of a digital infrastructure for biomedical research and development (R&D) is crucial for biotechnology innovation and Health China construction. This study analyzes the implication, classification, and systematic framework of the digital infrastructure for biomedical R&D in the new era. It summarizes the strategic layouts and development paths of the digital infrastructures for biomedical R&D in the United States, the European Union, and China, and examines the gap between China and European and American countries in terms of international influence and authority, development model design and efficiency, sustainability, and management organization construction. Moreover, it presents the challenges faced by the digital infrastructure of China regarding top-level design, management, and governance. Furthermore, we suggest that the following aspects should be strengthened: top-level framework design, coordination of biomedical and healthcare resources, clustered construction and governance of the platform, and capacity building and operation guarantee of the open platform.

The arid region of Northwest China is a vital land resource reserve for China. However, restricted by water shortage and low land quality, high-quality agricultural development in this region is difficult to achieve. Therefore, it is urgent to explore a development path of modern ecological agriculture that is intensive and efficient. This study analyzed the current status and major problems of agricultural development in the arid region of Northwest China and constructed a theoretical framework for improving the quality and efficiency of modern agriculture in the region. The characteristics and functions of agricultural development in the grassland pastoral, agro-pastoral, rain-fed agricultural, and irrigated agricultural areas in this region were clarified. Based on the optimal allocation of natural, scientific, economic, and social resources of agriculture, the study proposed core technologies or methods for achieving breakthroughs in efficient use of water and soil resources, planting structure adjustment and mode optimization, technological innovation in precise control of agricultural production, industrialization, and sustainable development. Four development models with distinctive regional characteristics were formed: (1) modern ecological agriculture in pastoral areas emphasizing forage and green manure crop production; (2) modern ecological agriculture in agro-pastoral areas with equal emphasis on forage, grain, and cash crop production; (3) modern ecological agriculture in rain-fed areas emphasizing grain, forestry, and fruit production; and (4) modern ecological agriculture in irrigated areas emphasizing grain, cash crop, forestry, and fruit production. Thus, the production, ecological, teaching, research, and leisure functions of agriculture can be realized. To promote the high-quality development of the modern ecological agriculture in the arid region of Northwest China, the following countermeasures are proposed: (1) scientifically planning the agricultural development pattern by optimizing agricultural function zoning, (2) improving the compensation mechanism for ecological agriculture and creating a green accounting system, (3) promoting industrial integration and establishing a development concept of modern ecological agriculture, (4) constructing a green technology innovation and promotion service system for the development of modern ecological agriculture, and (5) cultivating agricultural and rural talents to improve the talent policy system.

The inclusive development of agricultural and food systems is crucial for realizing rural revitalization and Chinese path to modernization considering China’s basic national condition of being a large country with small farmers, and it is also an important aspect of common prosperity and global sustainable development. This study explores the implications and characteristics of inclusive development of the agricultural and food systems and identifies four prominent problems existing in promoting the effective connection between small farmers and agricultural modernization, improving the food demand and public service support systems for vulnerable groups, enhancing the resilience of agricultural industrial and supply chains, and establishing a fair, shared, and sustainable public-service system necessary for the agricultural and food systems. Moreover, four key systems are proposed aimed at overcoming scientific and technological challenges critical to the agricultural system, developing food science and technology while improving the food supply chain, promoting the inclusive development of agricultural and food systems, and establishing an inclusive agricultural and food system. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) ensuring food security to guarantee the inclusive development of vulnerable groups, (2) forming a large-scale grain security pattern while adhering to an all-encompassing approach to food, (3) optimizing the circulation and distribution systems using digital technologies, (4) establishing a shared and inclusive agricultural and food system through regional coordination, and (5) unblocking the entire chain channels of agricultural and food systems.

The coal industry is crucial for guaranteeing China’s energy security and achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization (i.e., “dual carbon”) goals. Therefore, it is imperative to formulate a carbon neutralization strategy for the coal industry from a top-level design perspective. Considering China’s basic national conditions and regional characteristics, this study elaborates the strategic conception of carbon neutralization of the coal industry from the aspects of development concept, expected goals, and key directions, and clarifies specific implementation paths. Specifically, the core concept is to achieve the “dual carbon” goals by both considering regional disparities and promoting regional coordination; based on an overall planning nationwide, the coal energy production, coal energy application, and new energy coupling zones should be scientifically classified, thus to realize the “dual carbon” goals by region and step. The development concept can be implemented via three stages: peak attainment, orderly optimization, and neutralization attainment, and the implementation path can be detailed as carbon emission reduction, carbon substitution, carbon sequestration, and carbon recycling. Moreover, efforts should focus on breakthroughs in the following applied technologies: intelligent and precise mining and clean and efficient utilization of coal, exploitation and utilization of coal mine gas at full concentration, pumped storage of abandoned mines, energy storage and power consumption, coupling of clean coal power with carbon capture, utilization and storage, efficiently replacing of coalbed methane with CO₂, CO₂ bio/chemical utilization, and green ecological restoration of mines. Relevant research can provide a pioneering and fundamental reference for the coal industry to realize the “dual carbon” goals.

The innovative application of smart proactive health services is an important component of the Healthy China initiative and an effective measure to satisfy the diversified health needs of the public in the post-epidemic era. This study focuses on building a new paradigm of smart proactive health services and aims to improve proactive health intervention and management capabilities and provide high-quality health services for the public. It analyzes the current status and challenges of proactive health services, summarizes the smart development trend, and proposes the concept of smart proactive health services. Moreover, the study constructs a technical system of smart proactive health services using a structured analysis method, establishes an application framework consisting of one center, one portal, and three endpoints, and proposes a construction ecology featuring internal and external collaboration. The application scenarios and practical cases of the smart proactive health services are summarized in terms of technology integration and smart application. Furthermore, we propose the following suggestions to promote the sustainable and highquality development of smart proactive health services in China: (1) strengthening macro policy tools to improve the development environment; (2) improving the public’s digital literacy to reshape the atmosphere for service participation; (3) building a service standards system to improve the internal digital ecology; (4) creating a multiple supply pattern to continuously improve service quality; and (5) accelerating the integration of industry, academia, research, and application to enhance the commercialization of research findings.