Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) develops rapidly in recent years in China; meanwhile, it faces new challenges and shoulders new historical missions. Moreover, the inheritance and innovation of TCM is crucial for the promotion of the Healthy China initiative. To continuously promote the high-quality development of TCM, this study analyzes the current status and development problems of TCM development from the aspects of theoretic innovation, clinical advantages and evaluation, TCM resource development and utilization, intelligent manufacturing, and globalization. Furthermore, six countermeasures are proposed. First, efforts should focus on the theoretical research of TCM, and a population-based TCM health program is suggested. Second, the existing management mechanisms and systems should be innovated, and innovation trials should be conducted in key evaluation systems and methods. Third, the TCM talent team construction should be strengthened to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment levels and scientific research and development of TCM. Fourth, domestic and international resources can be integrated to stimulate the vitality of the TCM industry and promote the comprehensive development and utilization of TCM resources. Fifth, intelligent manufacturing of TCM should be emphasized, and innovative development of theoretical research, technical systems, and personnel training should be coordinated. Sixth, the globalization of TCM should be promoted to realize the integration of TCM with international traditional and modern medicine.

Ammonia energy can be potentially used for substituting fossil energies and it has a close relationship with renewable energy sources; therefore, promoting the application of ammonia energy is expected to enable China to achieve a certain degree of energy independence, which is significant for the future development of energies. In this study, the strategic significance in developing ammonia energy is analyzed from the perspectives of its energy-storage and fuel properties and basic industrial conditions. The ammonia energy application status is reviewed from four aspects: ammonia internal combustion engines, ammonia gas turbines, ammonia-burning boilers, and ammonia-hydrogen fuel cells. Moreover, the status quo of the synthetic ammonia industry, development trend of the ammonia energy industry, and development plans of the industry in China and abroad are examined. Furthermore, we suggest that the ammonia energy industry in China should be promoted steadily by stages. First, the research on novel green ammonia synthesis technologies should be strengthened, laws/regulations and carbon market mechanisms should be improved, and green ammonia demonstration projects should be implemented. Second, an ammonia energy technology system with independent intellectual property rights should be established, and a low-cost ammonia energy supply chain and a high-efficiency ammonia energy utilization chain should be built to achieve large-scale promotion of the energy. Third, the ammonia energy industrial structure should be reshaped according to a green circular economy route that integrates green production, economical transportation, and carbon-free application of ammonia, thereby supporting the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals.

The construction of a new electric power system is the key path to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and ensure energy transition security. As the largest man-made system that is complex and highly nonlinear, the electric power system is the core of future energy transition. However, the security of the electric power system faces severe challenges owing to the volatility and randomness of new energy power generation. Considering the new situation and challenges faced by the energy transition security in China, this study clarifies the implications of energy security in terms of supply, environment, economy, and technology, investigates the development goals and strategic paths for energy transformation, and explores the significance of the new electric power system to energy security. The key factors of power source, power grid, load, energy storage, market, and technology that affect the new electric power system security are analyzed. According to the study, the core systems required for the security development of the new electric power system should be constructed from three aspects: emergency warning, sharing and mutual aid, and security defense. Furthermore, the basic idea for the research on the new electric power system development path is proposed to provide a basic reference for the new electric power system construction and the security development research.

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is intensive in energy consumption and carbon emission. Under the constraint of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, it is significant to analyze the coordinated development policies that synergistically promote low-carbon economic and social transformation in the BTH region. A long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP)-BTH model is constructed considering the characteristics of the BTH region, to analyze the energy demand and carbon emission of the region from 2021 to 2060. Three scenarios are considered, namely baseline scenario, low-carbon scenario, and coordinated scenario, and eight sub-scenarios are taken into account. The results indicate that: (1) In the baseline scenario, the energy demand in the BTH region will continue to grow, and the carbon emissions of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in 2060 will decrease to 41%, 40%, and 53% of that in 2020, respectively, facing great challenges for achieving carbon neutrality. (2) In the low-carbon scenario, the carbon emissions of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in 2060 will decrease to 20%, 26%, and 46% of that in 2020, respectively, and the BTH region will still not be carbon neutral. (3) In the coordinated scenario, the carbon emissions of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in 2060 will decrease to 13%, 15%, and 21% of that in 2020, respectively, thus achieving carbon neutrality. Several suggestions were further proposed. Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei should adopt clearer and stricter policies for their key emission reduction sectors and measures. For example, Beijing should promote low-carbon transition in its transportation and construction sectors, while Tianjin and Hebei should promote renewable energy alternatives and low-carbon industrial upgrading. Top-level design should be optimized to fully tap the potentials for coordinated development of industry, energy, transportation, and other sectors, with the focus on promoting coordinated industrial upgrading and coordinated energy development.

Higher requirements have been imposed for the safety and economical operation and maintenance (O&M) of high-speed trains as a result of increasing operating speed, number of train sets in service, and vehicle types as well as complex service conditions such as long routing and multi-physics coupling. The research and application of prognostics and health management (PHM) technology in the field of high-speed trains provides important technical support for the steady operation of China's high-speed trains over long distance, on large scale, and in high density. This study presents the significance of PHM for high-speed trains and reviews the development process of high-speed train PHM in China, which has evolved from the initial safety monitoring to breakthroughs in health monitoring technologies of key systems and then the current integrated lifecycle O&M management in the past two decades. It further summarizes the major technical breakthroughs in four aspects, namely, comprehensive train condition monitoring, accurate assessment and diagnosis prediction, vehicle remote O&M services, and intelligent O&M decision support. In the face of the future challenges of efficient and safe O&M, substantial cost reduction, and consumption reduction of China's high-speed trains, suggestions are proposed in the following aspects: wide-area and entire-process adaptability, centralized management and application of train data and computing resources, train design based on PHM, and train–line–station integrated intelligent O&M, so as to promote China's high-speed train technology to maintain a lead.

The integration of railway facilities and use of new energies is an important way to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals of transportation domain. After analyzing the demand for the integrated development of railway and new energies, this study summarizes the natural conditions of various new energy sources along railways, including solar, wind, geothermal, acoustic, braking, and vibrational energies. The current integration forms, technical characteristics, and equipment levels are then reviewed. The specific integration scenarios between the railway service facilities, carriers, infrastructures, and new energy sources are summarized by category, and the developmental scales and problems of major scenarios, such as photovoltaic systems at the top of railway stations, new-energy locomotives, and self-power supply monitoring equipment, are discussed. Based on the classification of potentials to supply new energies for railways, a series of new integration scenarios and methods are introduced considering the new energy systems of different scales (e.g., micro, small- and medium-sized, as well as large and super-large). A new major scenario that integrates electric equipment for railway infrastructure defects control and small- and medium-sized distributed off-grid photovoltaic systems is proposed. Furthermore, the future trends, core technologies, and key developmental directions for the integration of railway and new energies are proposed from the aspects such as energy capture and conversion, load, energy storage, and energy management. The results can provide references for planning, construction, and transformation development research in related fields.

Big Data Knowledge Engineering is the infrastructure of artificial intelligence, a common requirement faced by various industries and fields, and the inevitable path for the digitalization to intelligence. In this paper, we firstly elaborate on the background and connotation of big data knowledge engineering and propose a research framework of “data knowledgeization, knowledge systematization, and knowledge reasoning”. Secondly, we sort out the key technologies of knowledge acquisition and fusion, knowledge representation, and knowledge reasoning and introduce engineering applications in typical scenarios such as smart education, tax risk control, and smart healthcare. Thirdly, we summary the challenges faced by big data knowledge engineering and predict the future research directions including complex big data knowledge acquisition, knowledge+data hybrid learning, and brain-inspired knowledge coding and memorizing. Finally, several suggestions are given by the research: guiding interdisciplinary integration and establishing major and key R&D projects to promote the basic theory and technological breakthroughs of big data knowledge engineering; strengthening communication and cooperation between enterprises and research institutions as well as promoting cutting-edge research results to form application demonstrations, so as to establish an industry-standard system for big data knowledge engineering; exploring school-enterprise cooperation in line with market demands, orienting towards major application needs, and accelerating the landing application of big data knowledge engineering technology in the country's important industries.

The development of the pharmaceutical industry is the cornerstone for safeguarding people’s lives and health. This study is based on a macro perspective and provides a comprehensive and in-depth comparison of the development trend of the pharmaceutical industry in China and abroad. It is pointed out that the global market size and strategic position of the pharmaceutical industry in various countries are constantly improving. Meanwhile, the development prospect of China’s pharmaceutical industry is broad, and the potential market space is large. On this basis, we further explore the development prospects and driving factors of China’s pharmaceutical industry, including changes in population structure and increased health awareness, increasing global competitive pressure, sustained government investment and support for the pharmaceutical industry, and increase in research and development (R & D) investment by leading enterprises. Moreover, from the perspective of medical practice, we propose the challenges faced by the pharmaceutical industry in five aspects: precision, safety, timeliness, affordability, and policy guarantee. Furthermore, in response to the challenges we face, we propose the following targeted countermeasures: (1) building and maintaining a refined large-populationbased cohort and data platform while providing sustained support; (2) accelerating the R & D and transformation of China’s internationally leading technologies in the pharmaceutical industry to strengthen original innovation and seize the market; (3) promoting the industrialization of pharmaceutical R & D by encouraging industry–education–research integration in the R & D and clinical trials stage, strengthening the evaluation ability in the evaluation stage, and improving guarantee services such as intellectual property protection in the promotion stage of innovative products; (4) improving multi-level medical security channels to strive for more sources of support and reduce the burden of self-payment for patients; and (5) enhancing the full chain of policy protection and implementation efficiency to effectively stimulate the development momentum of the medical industry. This study aims to provide a reference for the subsequent investment, policy formulation, and development decisions of China’s pharmaceutical industry.

To promote the international application of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) can facilitate the BDS to serve as a global public service infrastructure and better serve the world. This study examines the international application strategies of GPS of the United States, GLONASS of Russia, and GALILEO of the European Union, and proposes several basic strategies considering the current status and trend of the international application of the BDS. Specifically, the international application of the BDS should follow a leap-forward application path and adopt five application modes: building confidence, diversified development, integration and collaboration, government-enterprise linkage, and shaping the international environment. To promote the BDS to the global market, we suggest to take the Asia-Pacific market as the primary development region, the countries and regions along the Belt and Road as the key application region, while taking into account the European and American markets as well as the potential markets in Africa and the Middle East. Moreover, the international application of the BDS can be realized gradually through three steps: reform and adaptation, market expansion, and global application.

After the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) global services were formally commissioned, the large-scale applications of BDS have entered a new stage of marketization, industrialization, and internationalization. Strengthening research on risk analysis and response of BDS global services is not only an inherent requirement for supporting national strategies and promoting international development of BDS, but also an inevitable choice to cope with international competition and achieve stable and long-term development of BDS. This study summarizes and analyzes the current risks and development trend of BDS global services from the perspectives of international development trends of satellite navigation and the development characteristics of BDS global services. Moreover, it summarizes the risks faced by BDS global services: national, strategic, market, security, and legal risks, and analyzes the corresponding causes of the risks. In view of these risks, the following countermeasures are proposed: strengthening the top-level planning of risk response, establishing a response system considering all factors, improving risk response capabilities of BDS global service related entities, and consolidating a solid foundation for risk response.

The international application of the BeiDou navigation satellite system(BDS) is a new requirement for BDS development in the new development stage, it is also significant for promoting the high-quality development of the Belt and Road, establishing a new development pattern that features domestic and international dual circulations, and promoting global sharing of BDS development achievements. This study explores the internationalization demand for BDS application, the development status and trend of global navigation satellite systems, and analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and challenges of BDS internationalization. Moreover, the implications of BDS internationalization are proposed, comprising BDS image, service, application product, and business operation internationalization. The development objectives and specific indicators of BDS internationalization is also clarified. Furthermore, to promote the international application of the BDS, we propose the following suggestions: establishing an overall coordination management mechanism, strengthening product service and supply capabilities, building a multi-level enterprise system, improving the level of international cooperation, increasing the fiscal, taxation, and financial support, coordinating domestic rule of law and that concerning foreign affairs, and encouraging international application and promotion.

Owing to historical reasons and investment restrictions, China's aerospace industry initially focused on space technology and application, with insufficient emphasis on space science; therefore, space science, technology, and application developed independently. The development of space technology should be deeply integrated into space science and application, thus to strengthen China's aerospace industry and create new opportunities and achievements. This study explores the implications of space science, space technology, and space application and clarifies their interrelationships. Moreover, it systematically analyzes the development trend in space science, technology, and application worldwide and reviews the development situation of space-related fields in China. Based on this, it examines the necessity for coordinating the development of space science, technology, and application in China and summarizes the major challenges. Considering their overlapping needs and mutual promotion, space science, technology, and application should be coordinated throughout the process of planning, deployment, and implementation. First, the advantages of the new national system should be exploited to conduct top-level planning under unified management. Second, the innovation-driven development strategy should be insisted to promote the international competitiveness of China's aerospace industry through technological progress. Third, basic research in the space field should be strengthened and high-level scientists and engineers should be cultivated. Lastly, resource planning and coordination should be strengthened to promote the rational opening and full utilization of space application data.

The rapid development of the shipping industry has made energy consumption and environmental problems of traditional ships increasingly prominent. Considering the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals and the Initial IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, ammonia-hydrogen powered marine ships will become an important development direction for waterway transportation vehicles. This study explores the demand for and the international development status of ammonia-hydrogen powered marine ships and analyzes the key technologies, involving ship safety, fuel filling, hydrogen production from ammonia reforming, power production from ammonia and hydrogen, hydrogen production from renewable energy, ammonia synthesis based on renewable energy, and treatment of harmful pollutant discharge. Moreover, staged goals and upper/mid/lower-stream industrial elements are examined based on China's national conditions. To promote the sustainable and innovative development of ammonia-hydrogen powered marine ships in China, we propose the following suggestions: (1) implementing special plans for an ammonia and hydrogen fuel supply system and the infrastructure construction of ammonia-hydrogen powered marine ships, (2) strengthening the maintenance of supportive service facilities, and (3) accumulating engineering experience to provide support for the subsequent large-scale industrial chain and infrastructure construction.

Biotechnology is crucial for the sustainable development of the aquatic seed industry. Therefore, improving the innovation capability in aquatic breeding and making seed sources independent are significant for ensuring food security in China. This study summarizes the development status and problems of aquatic breeding in China and analyzes the status of research and application of seven types of biotechnology for aquatic breeding, namely, transgenic breeding, ploidy breeding, molecular-marker-assisted breeding, genomic selection breeding, genome editing breeding, molecular design breeding, and germline stem cell transplantation; future research and development demand for these technical fields in China is further analyzed. Moreover, future development goals and major tasks are suggested, including collecting, preserving, and accurately identifying excellent germplasm resources of aquatic organisms, profoundly analyzing the genetic basis and regulatory mechanism of critical traits, developing efficient and accurate breeding technologies, and achieving breakthroughs in the creation of new varieties. Furthermore, following suggestions are proposed: optimizing development policies of the aquatic seed industry, promoting technological innovation in aquatic breeding, establishing platforms for aquatic variety creation and transformation, and setting up special projects to accelerate technological innovation and development of the aquatic seed industry.

The embodied carbon emission limit is a key parameter for quantitatively regulating carbon emissions from building structures and facilitating the achievement of carbon reduction targets. Starting from the social carbon emission reduction pathway toward carbon neutrality, a carbon emission reduction target decomposition approach is proposed based on the proportions of newly built and existing buildings in building structure stock and demand, which provides limit presetting references for existing structure maintenance and new structure design. Then, the expected development scenarios of building construction in China are established referring to the carbon peaking and neutrality goals in China, and correspondingly, the carbon emission limits for four typical scenarios, i. e., business as usual, conventional expectation, regulating demolition, and reduction expectation, are respectively evaluated to be 442.6 kg CO₂e·m^-2, 456.2 kg CO₂e·m^-2, 485.9 kg CO₂e·m^-2, and 616.0 kg CO₂e·m^-2 (the designed service life is 50 years). Besides, the expected trends of carbon emission limits during the year 2022 and 2060 have also been estimated, and the contributions of emission reduction measures, including the amount regulation of newly built structures and the lifespan extension of existing structures, to the relaxation of carbon emission limits for individual structures have been clarified. Furthermore, suggestions for research related to carbon emission limit are provided from the aspects of probabilistic regulation, quantification of regional characteristics, feasibility of the target achievement, and data-driven refinement.

The human-coal space relationship is significant for the safe and efficient production of coalmines. Reconstructing the human-coal space order using intelligent technologies in coalmines will provide a core technical support for the high-quality development of the coal industry. This study examines the evolution and research progress of the human-coal space relationship and proposes a human-physical-information (HPC) space form to break constraints from the traditional human-physical space structure of coalmines. We find that coalmine intellectualization can change the physical locations and relative motions of coalmine production factors; it can reconstruct the three major factors of production, establish an integrated intelligent production management mode, and improve the development space of miners' social values, thereby achieving an interconnection-of-everything production scene and liberating human from underground mining. Moreover, the study analyzes intelligent coal-mining and intelligent well-construction cases and reveals the practical values of coal mine intellectualization for the change of the human-coal space relationship. We suggest that a development mode integrating new-generation technologies and modern coalmines should be established based on the intelligent HPC space theory of coalmines and by targeting human liberation and comprehensive development. This will promote the safe, efficient, intelligent, and green development and thus the overall upgrading of the coal industry.

Diets significantly affect the nutrition and health of people as well as the resources and environment. Promoting a sustainable healthy diets among the Chinese population is crucial for implementing the Healthy China initiative, fostering sustainable development, and ensuring national food security in China. This study reviews the forming process of the sustainable healthy diets concept, presents several representative sustainable dietary patterns, and clarifies the international consensus on sustainable healthy diets from the perspectives of nutrition and health, resource and environment, and socio-economics. Moreover, it analyzes the current dietary patterns of Chinese residents and focuses on associated nutrition and health issues and resource and environmental challenges caused by changes in dietary patterns. Furthermore, we recommend that China should propose targeted plans to guide and optimize residents’ dietary patterns, implement multiple measures to foster a healthy and sustainable food consumption habit among residents, and establish a sustainable and healthy dietary supply system. This can help cope with the double challenges of increasing nutritional imbalance and environmental degradation and improve the formulation of national food policies.

The construction of satellite navigation is characterized by a long risk chain, multiple related industries, various participants, multiple interests, and difference in domestic and foreign characteristics; therefore, its governance is strongly systematic and highly complex. In the context of promoting the modernization of China's national governance system and capacities, the satellite navigation industry needs to actively explore a modernized governance system and development mode to improve its governance quality and efficiency and ensure its sustainable development. Considering multiple levels such as history vs. reality and theory vs. practice, this study summarizes the governance experience in the practice of the three-step development strategy of China's satellite navigation system and analyzes the major challenges it faces in the new development stage. Moreover, the development goals and the factors to be coordinated for the modernized governance are proposed. Furthermore, we suggest that efforts should be focused on improving the leadership, management, legal, application, innovation, strategic talent cultivating, and internationalization systems. This can promote the modernized governance of satellite navigation construction and provide strong support for the high-quality development of China's satellite navigation system.

Offshore carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is an engineering solution and technical system developed by coastal countries or regions to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Compared with onshore CCUS, offshore CCUS has multiple significant advantages, such as higher storage potential and safer storage environment. Offshore CCUS comprises capturing CO₂ from large coastal or offshore carbon emission sources, compressing and transporting it to offshore storage platforms, and injecting it into sub-seabed geological reservoirs, to achieve permanent isolation from the atmosphere or use it to produce valuable products. This study reviews the development demand and industry status quo of offshore CCUS in China and worldwide and analyzes the technical and social values of offshore CCUS development. The development routes and trends of representative offshore CCUS technologies are summarized, including CO₂ plant capture, CO₂ pipeline transportation, CO₂ storage in the deep saline aquifer and for petroleum displacement, CO₂ chemical utilization, and several other technical frameworks. Focusing on the common problems faced by different technology systems, we propose the following suggestions for the future development of China's offshore CCUS: strengthening the land-sea overall planning and layout, cultivating high-level research teams, and enhancing fundamental research, key technology research and development, cost control, scale expansion, and policy incentives at all stages of development.

Taxation is vital for national governance, and the digital transformation of governments necessitates smart taxation. Therefore, analyzing the key issues and exploring the development ideas for smart taxation is of both theoretical and practical values. In this study, following an analysis of the development status and challenges facing China's intelligent taxation field, we proposed a big data knowledge engineering approach that emphasizes data knowledgeization, knowledge systematization, and knowledge reasonability, and developed a five-layer technical architecture that consists of knowledge sources, knowledge extraction, knowledge mapping, knowledge reasoning, and application layers. After elaborating the representative application scenarios including knowledge-driven tax preference calculation, interpretable tax risk identification, intelligent decision support for tax policies, and smart tax questioning, we investigated the limitations of the proposed approach and further discussed the directions for future research. Furthermore, we proposed the following development suggestions in terms of data, technology, and ecology: (1) standardizing tax-related information and improving the national data sharing, opening, and guarantee system; (2) integrating the achievements of various information disciplines and improving the application system of big data knowledge engineering for smart taxation; and (3) promoting talent training and the development of technical standards for big data knowledge engineering.

Food security in China is facing new challenges, including instability of the international supply chain, transformation and upgrading of the food system, and increased pressure to further reduce carbon emissions, making the future supply and demand situation of food in China unoptimistic. Therefore, it is imperative to deepen research on national food security strategies. As is predicted using the China Agricultural Sector Model, China’s grain supply and demand gap will reach the peak (1.66 × 108 t) in 2030 and its food self-sufficiency rate will continuously decline; however, the gap is expected to drop from 2035–2050. From 2020–2050, the total demand for livestock products, aquatic products, rapeseed, and sugar will continuously grow while their net imports will maintain growth. To address the prominent problems regarding food security in China in terms of farmland, supply chain, nutritional structure, systemic risk, and technological innovation, we propose the establishment of an all-encompassing approach to food. Additionally, food security should be maintained by relying on domestic production and supported by moderate imports and technological innovation. An overall food-security strategy that features self-sufficiency of grains, self-reliance of major agricultural products, and national food sovereignty should be implemented. We should hold on to the bottom line of maintaining a selfsufficiency rate of 97% for staple grains, 90% for grains, and 80% for overall grain supply. Focusing on the goals of revitalizing the seed industry, boosting land capacity, preventing and mitigating disasters, and achieving high efficiency and low carbon, we suggest a series of major projects for upgrading the seed industry, constructing high-standard grain fields, guaranteeing regional food security, promoting green and low-carbon development of agriculture, and substituting conventional feed protein. Furthermore, major measures should be adopted to strengthen food demand management, expand food supply chains, and enhance risk control, thereby ensuring the quantity, quality, and nutritional security of national food.

Industrial software for digital design is a mainstay of industrial software and the foundation for intelligent manufacturing; however, a large gap exists between relevant domestic industries and the international frontier. Therefore, it is urgent to improve these software to support China's manufacturing sector to enter the international advanced ranks. This study explores the significance of the industrial software for digital design, reviews the development status of industrial software in China and abroad, and analyzes the challenges faced by related industries in China. Key breakthrough directions are summarized, including seamless integration of structural computer-aided design/computer-aided engineering software and optimization software; design, analysis, and optimization integrated software driven by geometric features; simulation calculation and analysis featuring multi-body, multi-state, and multi-physical field coupling; cloudification and customization of industrial software; and heterogeneous parallel computing supported by algorithm strategies. Furthermore, we propose the following suggestions: (1) sorting out subdivided areas and formulating targeted industry support policies, (2) encouraging software enterprises to draw on each other's strengths and formulating unified domestic standards, (3) providing targeted support for small- and medium-sized enterprises to expand their customer market, (4) improving personnel training programs to gather high-end research staff, and (5) strengthening basic research and exploiting the advantages of domestic innovation market.

Improving the power generation efficiency of coal-fired units is an effective measure to achieve energy conservation and carbon reduction. The engineering application of 700 ℃ ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation is hindered by the high price of superalloy materials; therefore, it is necessary to explore new layouts and structures to shorten the high-temperature steam pipelines and reduce the engineering costs. By taking the phase III expansion project—the world's first demonstration project of high-level layout—of the Jinjie coal-fired power plant as an example, this study introduces the engineering innovation practice of the high-level layout technology for an air-cooled ultra-supercritical steam-turbine generator unit. The results indicate that the reinforced concrete frame and shear wall structure can effectively lower the overall center of gravity and improve the seismic performance of the main power house, thereby ensuring the safety of the main power house structure, high-temperature steam pipelines, and steam turbine generator unit through technological breakthroughs. Compared with those of the conventional layout (its operating floor level being 12.6-17 m), the main steam and reheat steam pipelines of the high-level layout (its operating floor level being 65 m) can save 34.2% and 20.9% of raw materials, respectively; and exhaust steam pipes of the air-cooled island can save 93% of raw materials. Furthermore, the power supply coal consumption can be reduced by 4.5-5.1 g/(kW·h) compared with the design value, and the overall economical efficiency is significantly improved. The monitoring data after operation show that all parameters in the real-time on-line monitoring system of the main power house structure are within the safety threshold, and the plant structure and critical equipment are both in a safe state. Therefore, we propose to promote clean and efficient coal-fired power generation technologies and apply the high-level layout technology to the advanced air-cooled coal-fired power units in northeast, north, and northwest China as these regions are rich in coal but short of water. This can provide practical experience for the construction of economical high-temperature steam pipelines for 700 ℃ ultra-supercritical coal-fired power units.

Space application refers to the direct and indirect technology utilization, product production, and service provision on the ground or in space by utilizing space resources, assets, and conditions. After over 60 years of development, the aerospace industry of China has made significant achievements, with over 400 satellites in orbit. However, the system design, basic database, and standards construction that are closely related to space application still cannot satisfy the requirements of high-quality development. Considering the demand for strengthening China's aerospace industry and the medium- and long-term development requirements of the industry, this study reviews the development status of space application in China and abroad, summarizes the new requirements for space application industry and technologies in China, and analyzes the challenges faced by space application. Moreover, the general ideas, development goals, and top-level systems of space application for strengthening China's aerospace industry are proposed. The key directions for the development of space application are explored. Furthermore, we suggest that China should improve policies and regulations associated with the aerospace industry, promote the integration of space, ground, and users, and optimize mechanisms and services of the industry, so as to promote the formation of a coordinated space application pattern that features space-ground-user interactive development and unified standards.

Satellite navigation has all-weather, all-time, and low-cost advantages and has become the most widely used means of positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) service since its inception. However, to avoid excessive reliance on the single means of satellite navigation at the application level, the concept of satellite-independent navigation technology has been proposed and received attention. How to accurately understand the relationship between satellite and satellite-independent navigation technologies has become a realistic and urgent issue. The technological characteristics and system positioning of satellite navigation are summarized in this study. The performances, costs, and application scenarios of typical satellite independent navigation technologies such as inertial navigation, matching navigation, and radio navigation (except for satellite navigation) are comparatively analyzed from a PNT system perspective. The relationship between satellite and satellite-independent navigation technologies is comprehensively analyzed. The overall positioning of satellite navigation as the most common demand satisfied and the core and cornerstone of the PNT system is further clarified. Additionally, the fusion efficiency is quantitatively analyzed. The scientific development of China's PNT system requires the innovative development of satellite-independent navigation technologies, and the deep integration of satellite and satellite-independent navigation technologies should be promoted. Moreover, the construction of low-orbit navigation systems should be accelerated to improve satellite navigation performance and maximizing system contribution.

Automatic equipment and information technologies make it possible to acquire multi-scale and multi-source heterogeneous data of crops under different growth conditions, forming big data on crop phenomics. This will greatly promote the research progress of crop functional genomics, digital breeding, and smart cultivation. In this paper, the demand for and industrial development of technology and equipment of big data on crop phenomics are analyzed. Then, the current situation of research and development in this area is summarized from five aspects: data acquisition hardware, data transmission, data analysis, knowledge formation, and applications. The problems and developmental trends of relevant technologies, equipment, and industrial application in China are analyzed from the perspectives of high-throughput acquisition and intelligent analysis of big data on crop phenomics. At last, the following suggestions are proposed: achieving breakthroughs regarding key crop phenotyping sensor technologies from the underlying chip level, forming an autonomous phenotyping extraction technology system on the basis of controllable open source, strengthening the standards system construction for big data on crop phenomics, creating a new model of genotype‒phenotype‒environment big data-driven digital breeding and smart cultivation, and building a talent pool and collaborative network for crop phenomics.

Water is the most active and critical factor in the socio-economic system, and the scale of greenhouse gas emissions accompanying water withdrawal and treatment is increasing. It is important to study the energy consumption and carbon emission of the social water cycle system to promote the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study summarizes the current status of energy consumption and carbon emissions in the social water cycle from the perspective of water ‒ energy‒ carbon nexus. Based on the analysis of change trends and influencing factors and focusing on existing problems and challenges, it proposes strategies for the efficient and low-carbon development of the social water cycle system under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets. China’s social water cycle system is developing toward an energy-intensive direction. The carbon emission intensity in water supply and drainage sectors increased the most, with an increase of 23.3% and 78.6% respectively from 2009—2021. With the increase of the scale of unconventional water and inter-basin water transfer, the energy consumption and carbon emission of the water system will continue to increase in the future, and the challenge of carbon neutrality is daunting. The study recommends that (1) basic scientific research should be strengthened and a carbon accounting system should be built for the whole process of social water cycle, (2) the research and development of system configuration and low-carbon technologies should be promoted to improve the comprehensive capabilities for pollution and carbon reduction as a whole, (3) energy conservation should be promoted in the whole society to realize the dual conservation of water and energy, and (4) carbon emission management in the water system should be improved to realize the low-carbon development of the social water cycle.

China has the world’s largest fisheries industry that has provided a healthy and high-quality food source. Currently, guaranteeing national food security, implementing an all-encompassing approach to food, and establishing a diversified food supply system all pose a great demand for the high-quality development of China’s fisheries industry. This study explores the development status and trend of fisheries in China from the aspects of fishery resources and capture, aquaculture and marine ranching, and aquatic product processing and circulation, and examines major problems through industry research and extensive discussion. Industry development goals and key measures are further proposed. Results found that the pressure on offshore capture is too high, understanding of deep-sea and polar resources is insufficient, the independent capability of technologies and equipment is inadequate, the mechanized, automatic, and intelligent levels of aquaculture are low, high-quality feed and raw materials rely heavily on imports, the basic software and hardware capabilities of the intelligent fisheries are deficient, and the aquatic product processing capacity is lagging behind. Therefore, the following key measures are proposed: conservation and restoration of offshore fishery resources, development and scientific utilization of deep-sea fishery resources, construction and application of a new technology system for green and healthy aquaculture, research and application of deep-sea aquaculture platform technologies, construction and promotion of new aquaculture models, and green processing and high-value utilization of aquatic products.Through the high-quality development of fisheries, China is expected to become advantageous in fisheries science and technology by 2035, with a total output of 8.1×10⁷ t of aquatic products. By 2050, intelligent fisheries is expected to be realized in China, outputting 1×10⁸ t of aquatic products.

The satellite navigation industry is an emerging industry of strategic significance, and formulating long-term, macroscopic, and systematic industrial policies is crucial for the high-quality development of the satellite navigation industry and the formation of a new industrial pattern. The innovation ecosystem theory focuses on the dynamic transition between (1) system composition and elements of the system and (2) system and environment; it can assist the transformation of current policies for China's satellite navigation industry. Considering relevant requirements of the 14th Five-Year Plan, this study reviews policy documents regarding China's satellite navigation industry and analyzes the direct, radial, and systemic coupling relationships between industrial policies and other innovation subjects and subsystems using the innovation ecosystem theory model and focusing on the elements of industrial policies. This study indicates that the current policies require improvement in terms of policy systems and subsystems and are not conducive to the systematic and coupled development of the industry. Therefore, we propose the following suggestions: (1) accelerating the top-level design of legislation and systems; (2) clarifying the role of government; and (3) improving the promotion and application of policies.

Deep-sea mineral resource development is an important measure to address China’s long-term dependence on strategic mineral resources. Having a complete and reliable equipment system is a prerequisite for China to promote its deep-sea mineral resource development and realize self-dependence of national strategic resources. This study focuses on the development history and current status of deep-sea mineral resource exploration and mining equipment in China and abroad and analyzes the bottlenecks that restrict China’s equipment development from three aspects: complete mining system, core mining equipment, and basic equipment and components. It also summarizes the scientific problems that need to be solved urgently and proposes development goals and key research directions from the perspectives of industrial integration, improvement of green mining system, and optimization of technical support. China should prioritize core equipment development to support large-scale mining, promote the integration of multiple industries and high-quality development of the entire equipment chain, and launch major projects for the development of deep-sea mineral resource exploitation equipment, focusing on the deep integration of production, education, research, and application of core equipment technologies. In addition, the government should provide various policy support and focus on innovation and upgrade of domestically produced equipment to promote the commercialized mining of deep-sea minerals in China.