The total water resource volume in China is 28 000 × 108m3. According to the demographic statistics in 1997, the average water resource per person is 2 220 m3 and will be, by estimation, decreased to 1 760 m3 in the year of 2030 with the population growing to 16 × 108. According to the commonly accepted standard, a nation which has a water resource volume per person below 1 700 m3 will be considered to be short of water resource. The water resource in future is seriously sufficient.
During the past 50 years, the national water consumption has been been lifted from above 1 000 × 108 m3 in 1949 to 5 566 × 108 m3 in 1997, among which agricultural water consumption was 75.3%, industrial water consumption 20.2%, and the water consumption in cities 4.5%. The average comprehensive water consumption per person rose from below 200 m3 to 458 m3. The problems confronted at present are: lack of flood prevention safety; coexistence of water resource shortage and the extravagance of water resource; the damage to e-cological environment resulted from over-exploitation of water and land resource; the deterioration of water environment and the rapid worsening of water pollution. These problems are very grave now.
This report points out that establishing modern agriculture which can efficiently save water can enable the present cultivated area and the irrigation water amount to produce sufficient products meeting the needs of population of 16 × 108. The water consumtion peak in our country will appear around 2030, with the water con-sumption amounting (7 000〜8 000) x 108 m3/a and the average water consumption per person 400 ~ 500 m3. By that time, the actual utilizable water volume throughout the whole country will be (8 000〜9 500) × 108 m3, and that is to say the needed water amount will be approaching the utilizable water volume limit. Consequently, population should be strictly controlled from urther growing and water management to reinforced for the purpose of zero increase of needed water volume when population reaches zero-growth. The general strategy of water resource in China must be the sustainable utilization of water resource supporting the sustainable development of economy.
It is also proposed in this report that strategic shifting be implemented on aspects of flood and disaster prevention;agricultural water consumption; water consumption in cities and industry; pollution and disaster prevention;ecological environment construction; equilibrium between water supplying and needing; solutions to the water resource problem in northern and western China.
This article analyses the severe situation of automobile industry and its cause in China. In order to meet the challenge China will face after its entry into the WTO, different measures should be adopted for various types of automobiles, according to the actual situation： to devote major efforts to improving agricultural vehicles; to further develop minicars which turn out to be an existed and promising market; to speed up the development of new electric vehicles; to enhance the competitiveness in the international market of state-owned giant automobile companies by building up their capability of developing medium-low grade automobiles in-house and; to develop medium-high and high grade automobiles with much more relaxed policy for at trading foreign funds. Hence, national industry will increase their autonomous intellectual property and produce the absolute majority of automobiles that caters to the demand of rural and urban residents in the country.
Should China develop its private use car? What kind of passenger car should China develop? Should China develop its own passenger car industry? What is the way out for China´s passenger car industry? And how to develop Chinese passenger car industry? These questions are intensively concerned by more and more people, and lead to much discussion recently. In this paper, the author intends to give an analysis on some representative viewpoints that proposed recently, and also his own opinions. It is convinced that the way to solve the“auto disaster”problems is not to put more restrains on the use of private car, but to promote the applications of high-tech to automobiles, mean-while to strengthen city planning and traffic management.
The author confirms that the“technology import and joint venture”has had a positive impact on the progress of the manufacturing technology and management efficiency of Chinese auto industry, however there is also a negative effect on the self-development ability. It is proposed that the general strategy for Chinese auto industry will be“Self-Strengthening + International cooperation”which consists of the following strategies： high-tech strategy, twin-win with self-reliance strategy, internal union for self-strengthen strategy, self-own production right strategy, leap over development strategy.
In this paper, the development trend of advanced communication network terminals is summarized and analyzed. It is instructive to point out that industrialization of communication software and development of the EDA technology must be strengthened in order to meet the challenge of entering WTO.
At the end of the 20th century Ministry of Agriculture of China put forward a strategic principle for agricultural development the main contents of which are paying equal attention to cereals crops, economic crops and feed crops. It stressed the importance of combination of agriculture and animal husbandry.
National dietary structure has had a great change in the past 20 years in China. It shows that the increasing quantity of meat, eggs and milk has been easing off the shortage of cereals. It´s estimated that there will be a shortage of 50% of protein for feed in the mid-long term for China to reache the leading level of the average per capita animal protein in the developing countries, especially the shortage of main limiting-amino acids, such as lysine and methionine, will be more critical. Considering the national conditions and strength, it is difficult to produce amino acids through the industrial way owing to the limitation of the investment, technique and ingredients. It is an effective way to solve the shortage of protein for feed that the internal quality of the agricultural production should be reformed and the increasing of quantity and the raising of quality of the protein for feed should rely on planting agriculture. There were many successful experiences in reforming the quality of the protein for feedstuffs. For example, high-lysine corn, low-glucosinolate rape seed and glandless cotton seed, etc. For this purpose, the internal timprovement of the agricultural production is not only to solve the shortage of the protein for feed, but also to be a strategic behave for improving the f
The ocean offers abundant resources to mankind in foods, pharmaceuticals and other bio-active substances, yet the potential in these areas remains largely unexplored. The article deals with the significance of the application of molecular biology to marine living resources for sustainable development and economic growth with particular attention to its current and prospective uses to mariculture, medicine, industry, etc.
Disease is a major obstacle to successful culturing of fish, shrimp and shellfish. As an example of applying the modern methods of gene engineering to marine culture, the work on white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) -the major pathogen of shrimp disease-is briefly described. A unique method to isolate the WSBV virus was developed and subsequently the intact and highly purified WSBV genomic DNA was obtained. The entire genome sequence was determined with an accuracy of greater than 99.9%. WSBV is a double stranded circular DNA virus of 305 Kb in length： It is the largest animal virus so far sequenced. By bio-informatics, it is found that several ORFs proteins of WSBV are related to those of yeast, drosophila, herpes virus and other high vertebrates： The degree of homology discovered is significant but does not point to a close relationship between WSBV and other organisms. None of them are related to the proteins specified as baculovirus. Further more, The functional genomics of WSBV have to be investigated in order to understand the mechanism of viral infection and to develop strategies for effective treatment and prevention of shrimp disease.
The most exiting prospects of marine biotechnology are in its potential of discovering new pharmaceutics and other bio-active substances from deep sea. This can be accomplished by cloning these genes from deep sea organisms that control the production of active substances so that to produce the active substances on a large scale. These active substances may be very useful for medicine, industry, environmental protection and military.
Based on the energy strategy and developing principle of China rural sustainable development, this paper summarizes and analyzes the experience of rural energy development. The strategic emphasis, suport-ing plolicy and countermeasures and suggestions for conservation, development and comprehensive utilization of rural energy resources are put forward by stages according to the condition of market economic system reform The successful mode of county level integrated rural energy construction is systematically discussed and the direction of rural energy development is pointed out.
Combining different opinions on the sources of economics increasing and current situation and challenge problems of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, the key challenge problem of Chinese high-tech enterprises is the suitable organization environment and management innovation rather than the technology and financing.
Environmental pollution has become the bottlenck of the sustainable economic development of China. The existing energy system is not suita for sustained need. China has to use coal as the main primary energy for quite a long term. Under such special conditions, it is an urgent strategic problem to be studied and carried out step by step from now on to plan and construct the integrated sustainable energy system with optimal benefits in resource, energy utilization and environmental emission. By introducing the international study and new development in sustainable energy systems, this paper puts forward that poly-generation strategy based on coal gasification is the trend for future development of China´s energy industry. Some possible examples for poly-generation and coupling of processes are introduced and their benefits are analyzed. The potential key technical and scientific problems in poly-generation are also pointed out. Finally, the starting procedure, government role and policies for implementing poly-generation strategy in China are proposed.
The article firstly reviews the evolution of the 1st generation (analogy) mobile communication system and the 2nd generation (digital) mobile communication system, and predicts that deployment of mobile communication systems will be enter a development period at a more great rate in the next decate. The mobile communication service will extend from voice to data, and the mobile communication technology will transits from circuit mode to packet mode. Following briefly addressing the second and half generation mobile communication system (2.5 GM) that will come to application soon, introduces the 3rd generation mobile communication (3 GM) for broadband multimedia application. Some schemes as mainstream of 3GM RTT (radio transmission technology) standards and the key technologies, especially technical features of TD - SCDMA presented by China, are emphatically described. Finally, The transition strategy from 2GM to 3GM and the development trend of 3GM core network are prospected in this article.
The technology of microwave remote sensing is now experiencing a rapid development never before as microwave remote sensing plays a more and more important role in economic development, environment and disaster monitoring, resource detecting, scientific research and military applications. In this paper, several up to date technologies in microwave remote sensing are discused, such as high performance and new mechanism developing, higher frequency expanding, synthetic measurement using complete electromagnetic band, miniaturization of sensors, and virtual space borne detecting and monitoring. Detailed introductions to 3D imaging radar altimeter, interferometric synthetic radiometer and virtual remote sensing are given. At the last, the authors propose a tentative idea of global topography measurement using small satellite constellation, which can be composed of two satellites, three satellites or four satellites.
Crisp Hamimelon originated in the arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjaing and its distributive area 8 years (16 growing seasons) exploration and research on the process of south and north ecobreeding with methods of hybridization, back crossing, nuclear radiation inducement and gene engineering combining with ordinary breeding, 8 improved varieties, and 3 self-breeding series of unisexual flower are successfully cultivated from the parents which come from different ecotype areas. They are suitable to the southeast part of China where it is humid, rainy, and weak-illuminated. With these varieties and technology of soilless cultivation of organic ecotype in the green house, the production of pollution-free and safe melon is surely promising.
In this paper following discussion the author concluded that the optical system for IR detecting in the distance should be an total reflecting off-axis aspheric system with large relative aperture and large field of view. A system with diameter φ600 mm, f=1000 mm, and linear field of view ± 5° was designed.
This paper provides a well-regulated explanation of the definition as well as contents of image engineering, a classification of the theories of image engineering and the applications of image technology. In addition, a comprehensive survey on important Chinese publications about image engineering in the past five years is carried out. An analysis and a discussion of the statistics made on the classification results are also presented. This work shows a general and up-to-date picture of the current status, progress trends and application areas of image engineering in China. It also supplies useful information for readers doing research and/or application works in this field, and provides a helpful reference for editors of journals and potential authors of papers.