Pressure vessel technology is an important engineering scientific technology used widely in various industrial and high technologic fields.
The so-called high technologic pressured equipment includes large pressure storage tanks, ammonia synthetic reactors, urea synthetic reactors, petroleum hydrogenation reactors, large rocket shells, liquid hydrogen and oxygen pressure vessels, nuclear power station pressure vessels and so on.
“Filament-Composites structural pressure vessel technology” and “General-Steel structural pressure vessel technology” are the two main sorts of the contemporary pressure vessel technology in the world.A unique sort named “Steel-Composites structural pressure vessel technology” with several unique structural technologic system from low to high pressure application field, which has included China National Invention Prize and 18 Chinese and US patents in its system has been developed in China mainly by the author during past 30 years. This unique sort of pressure vessel technology has the excellent burst resistant and manufacturing cost reduced up to 40% etc. outstanding structural technologic characteristics. This will lead a radical reformation of pressure vessel technology in the world.
A typical technology of this unique sort named “flat steel ribbon cross-helically wound pressure vessel technology” used widely in China during past 30 years has involved officially in the ASME BPV Code as code number 2229 and 2269 for Section Ⅷ , Division 1 and 2 in 1997 respectively for manufacturing various important large industrial pressured equipment in the world with internal diameter up to 3.66 m by American Society of Mechanical Engineers as the first instance of significant technology from China.
The unique pressure vessel technology was assessed an advanced high technology in the world. This will surely open a new development prospect in designing, manufacturing and safe protective technical aspects of the 21 st century by using the special Steel-Composites structural technologic nature.
Main battle tanks will still be one of the principal weapons used in army operations in the 21 st century. Up to now, the general concept on the next generation of tank has not been obvious and also there are much difficulty for all people to develop the firepower of tank. Neverthless, both today's world situation and the setup of the arms rivalry from the military powers do bring about an appropriate condition on which the basic technology of the next generation of tank weapons will be formed and developed. Confronting with such a challenge. China should try its best to find and make a new breakthrough in the field of tank attack-defence confrontation and to strengthen the basic research of firepower technology and the advanced research of design in structure so as to lay a foundation for the research and manufacture of the next generation of tank with new features of firepower.
The research on biomaterials has gotten achievements during the past 30 years. However, few kinds of them are well accepted clinically. Even those implanted in vivo for long time are considered to be exotic things by bodies. It prompts people to design biomaterials through biomimetic approaches. This paper overviews the design of artificial extracellular matrixes and the control of apoptosis based on the interaction between biomaterials and protein, saccharide and DNA. In view of the broadness and flexibility life science, it is recommended to design the biomaterials on cellular and molecular levels to enhance the affinity of biomaterials and host, and to promote the development of intelligent and environment-friendshiply biomaterials.
The current situation of the meteorololgical observation in China and the development tendency of the meteorological observation technology are analyzed. The principal goals of the design and implementation of the meteorological observation system project in China are described. The overall sketch and the main items of the “Meteorological Observation Automation Project (Phase 1)”, which is one of the national key projects to be carried out, are given. This paper is also one of the extending parts for “the Engineerized Implementation of Atmospheric Science”.
The principle of binary optics used for beam shaping is introduced. On the basis of the analysis of GS and YG algorithms, three algorithms are developed for phase design of the Binary Optical Element (BOE), including Global/local united searching algorithm (GLUSA), hybrid algorithm combining Hill-climbing with Simulated Annealing and its multi-resolution algorithm. For example, the BOE obtaining uniform focused spot for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is designed by the above algorithms. The simulated results show that fine phase structure and good characters of the focused spot are realized by using the hybrid algorithm. A continuous phase plate is manufactured with a rotating hollowed-out mask. The intensity distribution of the focused spot is measured by a common CCD and multi-attenuators with which the measurement dynamic range is increased .The experimental results after data processing show that the focused spot with steep edge, low side lobe, high light efficiency and fair uniformity of the main lobe without sharp peak at the zero order is obtained.
This paper briefly reviews the electronic grade polysilicon production capacity and market demand in the world as well as in China, It is estimated that in the year of 2000 and 2010 the polysilicon demand in China will be 736 t/a and 1 304 t/a, respectively.
In the recent years, the gross polysilicon production in China is only 80 t/a, so the construction of an electronic grade polysilicon plant in China with a 1 000 t/a production capacity should be resonable. However, referring the newest statistical data since 1997, the world polysilicon production capacity has being exceeded the market demand and the trend will continue in the near future. In order to occupy the domestic polysilicon market the future polysilicon plant will face challenge. The quality of the product and the manufacturing cost are the most important criteria to be considered. Ensuring the polysilicon product purity, the manufacturing cost should be near 20 dollars per kilogram for competition in domestic market.
Dam is a kind of key infrastructure of national economy construction in chin, so it is of great significance to improve and strengthen dam safety consciousness and management. Dam safety situation is reviewed and safety management is outlined in this paper, and new notion is presented for the improvement of dam safety and management.
The bowed-twisted blades have been widely used in the developed countries in the 1990s, such as the USA and UK. In China, this new type blades are also successfully applied to the steam turbines, and the application of these blades to gas turbines of air-engines has had a good beginning. The effectiveness of applying the bowed-twisted blades to turbines demonstrated by the tunnel and static experiments is discussed, and the mechanism of reducing the radial-and cross-secondary flow losses by using the bowed-twisted blades is analyzed in this paper. The advances in research on compressor bowed blades and key problems in this research are considered shortly. Based on design experiences, several principles for designing stages with bowed-twisted blades are summarized in the end of this paper.
Leaching mechanism of refractory gold concentrate in slurry electrolysis process has been studied. Lead can be leached out through chemical dissolution, chemical oxidation and anodic oxidation. It has been proved that the main way of lead leaching is chemical dissolution and chemical oxidation of gold concentrate is little.
The energy consumption in rural area of China is related to the activities of agricultural econome, living standard and environmental quality. The paper analyses mainly the energy consumption conditions in the rural area. The total energy consumption (converted to coal equivalent, the same below) in rural area reached to 690 Mt in 1995, including 325 Mt consumed by township enterprises. But the annual per capita commodity energy consumpsion was only 0.56 t, far below the national average. The energy consumption of township enterprises increased rapidly in the past 17 years and reached 325 Mt in 1995, which was 65 % of the total commodity energy consumed in rural area.
By the efforts of rural energy development, about 30 Mt is obtained from renewable energy utilization of small scale hydropower, biogas, solar and wind energy etc. . The rural energy development increased effectively the energy supply to rural area, improved the structure of rural energy consumption, and promoted the rural social economy development. The population of lack firewood was reduced from 420 millions in 1979 to 70 millions in 1995. Along with raising of living level in rural area, the demand of high quality fuel increases year by year. There were 48 million of households used different high quality energies such as gases and LPG etc. in 1995. This paper analyses objectively the existing proplems related to energy, social and environment, etc. . It is the foundation of further discussion on the stratagem of rural energy development.
In this work, the evaporation of the liquid cyclohexane is used to remove the heat of reaction in a novel phase transition reactor for hydrogenation of benzene to form cyclohexane under elevated pressure up to 3.0 MPa. The reactor is of fixed-bed with Pd catalyst, 20 mm in diameter and 100 cm in height. The operation conditions are 150 ℃ in inlet temperature, 1.1〜6.9 h-1 in LHSV and 330〜1910 in volume ratio of hydrogen to liquid. The experimental results show that the conversion of benzene is over than 99.99% and the yield of cyclohexane also over than 99.9% .
A mixture of benzene (accounting for 15%〜25%) and cyclohexane is used as feed to prevent the abrupt temperature rise in the bed. The bed axial temperature distribution indicates the phase transition behavior of the liquid feed which varies from the liquid state, via the mixed phase, and eventually to the gaseous state. So there exists a three phase´s regime in the catalyst bed.
Chlorine is an essential element of plant nutrition. Based on twenty thorough and systematic studies on chlorine nutrition of plant and chlorine-containing fertilizers three new theoretical ideas are proposed.
(1) “Chlorine tolerance” and “critical value of chlorine tolerance of crop”. Plant chlorine tolerance can be divided into three types： (A)Crops of strong chlorine tolerance. It means under the condition of chlorine content of soil＞600 mg/kg,the crops can grow normally, (e. g. beet cotton, rice, cucumber, etc. ) (B) Crops of medium chlorine tolerance. The crtical chlorine tolerance values are 300～600 mg/kg. (e. g. wheat, maize, tomato, eggplant，soybean,etc. )(C)Crops of weak chlorine tolerance:The crops critical chlorine tolerance values are 150〜300 mg/kg. (e. g. potato, sweet potato, tobaccos, grape, apple, etc.)
(2) Chlorine allowance of soil. It is the differece between the critical value of chlorine tolerance of plant and chlorine-content of soil.This term cimplies that the higher the chlorine allowance of soil,the much chlorine-contained fartilizer can be applied to the soil.
(3) The residual chlorine content in soil is nearly a constant. Accumulation effect of residual chlorine content not exists in the soil.
These ideas will be beneficial to the application of Chlorine-contained fertilizers and the development of the “United-soda” Process.
In this paper, the shape optimal rolling schedule and new method of shape and gauge coordination control, which are inferred from the newbuilt analytic shape equation, are introduced. This method´s characteristics is that shape and gauge close-circuit control is achieved by means of static load distribution, dynamic load distribution and dynamic setting Automatic Gauge Control (AGC), and Bellman dynamic programming is employed in calculation. The new method will change the present design thoughts on roller manufacture ： transforming from high stiffness into proper sitiffness. According to the analysis results from the economic benefits, free rolling, which are propagated and pursued, in steel rolling circles is a misleading, so custom dispatch plan, making up roll crown and optimize rolling schedule should be developed. Because the former is of high investment and high consumption, the latter are no investment and no consumption, and can make full use of information flow.
The blasting conditions, topography and geology of rock blasting for expanding cutting at the existing line of electrified railway are more complicated and difficult than that of rock blasting or foundation demolishing blast in cities. The engineering quantity is larger, too. As there has electrify overhead contact line and short space to the existing line, it is much more difficult than blasting for expanding cutting at non-electrified railway. The paper introduces the practicable technology adopted in the light of the features of expanding the cutting for electrified railway existing line in order to attain the purpose of safety and rapid construction.
Based on “On Construction of Agricultural Information System Engineering”，the development of agricultural information science which is the basis of the discipline of agricultural information system was discussed from its science, technology and application background. The agricultural information science was defined as an agricultural science system which is based on modern mathematics, aerospace technique and computer technique, and studing on the information of agricultural production activities, its environmental resources and social economy. It take agricultural science and geo-science theory as its basis. It collects, processes, in-terprets, stores, and transports agricultural information which has dear normal and spatial scale and location using remote sensing technique, geographic information system technique, global positioning system technique and computer net system technique. The theoretical mechanism, technological system, service object, function and component of agricultural information science were put forward. At last, the agricultural information technological system which is composed of satellite remote sensing technology, geographic information system technology, global positioning system technology and computer net system technology and its function were introduced simply.
The toroidal drive combines rolling contact technique with planet worm drive. The drive has many advantages such as high carrying capacity, large speed ratio, high operating efficiency and low noise. It is the frontier in the mechanical drive field. The paper reviews the origin and present study conditions of the drive. The present problems for the drive are also analyzed. The authors think that the engaging theory, manufacturing technique and the carrying capacity for the drive should be further studied so that a set of synthetic design theory and manufacturing technique can be developed and the rationalization of design and manufacture process is realized.
There are three main viewpoints in this article： First, the author elucidated the major benefits of using ethanol as the automobile fuel — reducing air pollution, relieving energy shortage and providing new economic growth. Second, this article provided a detailed analysis of technical requirements for implementing the ethanol project in China, such as raw material supply, energy consumption reduction, waste treatment, investment and profitability. The possible solutions for these requirements were also discussed. In the end, the author laid out a blueprint for the research and development projects in the field of ethanol fermentation for the first decade of the new century.