Crop germplasm is a discipline established in the 20th century, based on worldwide exploration and collection and the research on the phenotypes, and geographic distributions of diversities by Vavilov. The first modern crop gene bank was built in USA in 1958. Since then, more than 1300 crop gene banks have been built in the world. More than 6 million accessions (approximately 25 million accessions according to another document) are conserved in these gene banks. Gene banks can be Classified as three types： long-term, middle-term and short-term. Conservation in liquid nitrogen is an efficient method. Germplasms of vegetative crops are kept either in vitro or in field gene banks. Because of the more and more urgent need of crop germplasm in breeding and development of biotechnology, crop germplasm sciences enter a period which focuses on evaluation and identification of the collections. Molecular genetic mapes can not only be used to identify qualitative traits, but also be utilized to discover quantitative trait genes. The indigenous crop germplasm resources in China have been well collected. A national crop gene bank (a long-term bank) was built in 1986, in which more than 310 000 collections of all kinds of crops are conserved, and a duplicate long-term crop gene bank with the same collections was also built in Xining, Qighai Province. In addition, 22 middle-term banks (8 in the institutes of CAAS, and 14 in provincial academies of agricultural sciences), 30 national field gene banks and 2 in vitro gene banks have been established. Most of the collections have been preliminarily evaluated on agronomic traits, disease and pest resistance, stress tolerance and quality. All of the data have been documented in computers, and an information system about Chinese crop germplasm has been developed. With the development of biotechnology in the 21st century, it will be a hot point to discover new genes from germplasm resources via application of new technology. So it is essential to keep all these accessions well and prevent any gene from loss, and to introduce new crops and genes from abroad to promote the variety improvement and enhancement of agriculture system. I-dentification of new genes from land races, especially from wild species to enhance the sustainable development of agriculture will be the centre of germplasm work.
During the past several decades, much progress has been made in fire safety science which aims at understanding the complexities of fire behavior as well as providing the technological principle for fire safety engineering. In this paper, the background and history of fire safety science are reviewed, the major fire safety technological principles to be developed are summarized, and the significant fundamental research topics are outlined in detail.
The contemporary Grand Theater of international level in China was first built in Shanghai. The author has done a lot of work on the post occupancy evaluation for this theater. This paper is only a part of their researches, focussing their attention on briefly introducing the design intentions of the auditorium in terms of technological aspect, such as sight-line design, noise level control, acoustic design, the collected acoustic parameters measured from different points within the auditorium as well as the removable sound canopy and the alternative reverberation adjustable devices, etc. also quoting Important comments on the sound effects of the auditorium by both domestic and international famous experts in the theatrical and music circle and the evaluation scores by ordinary audiences from every aspects of users point of view are given.
Based on the discussion of the course of science and technology development, this paper expounds the important role of “modern management science”，“modern system science” and “complexity science” in modern engineering science technology development and puts forward some important problems in engineering science technology development in China.
The significance of the theory of modem management and decision making to the research and development of aero-engines in China is discussed. Then by reviewing some successful and unsuccessful examples in and out of China of decision making in research and development of new aero-engines, experiences and lessons in decision making and management are analysed and summarized. It is further stated that several relationships should correctly be handled in connection with the practice in China in the process of research and development of Chinese aeroengines. For the better and faster development of Chinese aero-engines, to practise decision making in a scientific and democratic way will be the first important measure to be taken. At last suggestions for scientific decision making in research and development of Chinese new aeroengines are presented.
In this article, adhering to the principles of advanced in technology, reliable in safety, economical in investment and practical in functions, the possibilities for reducing metro construction costs are analysed, and the following tentative suggestions for reducing metro construction costs are proposed：making fully preparations before constructing; paying great attention to passenger number forecast, so as to determine the scale of metro construction; taking increasing driving density of trains into consideration; choosing reasonable structural style and embedded depth of metro station; determining reasonable areas of the station rooms for equipment arrangement and operation management use; attaching great importance to the design of commutator stations; adopting reasonable distance between metro stations; making a choice between underground and elevated lines of metro in areas that, out of urban district; optimizing the embedded depth, structural dimension and its constructing schemes of metro tunnels; practically putting into effect the policies that metro equipments should be made in China not less than 70 per cent.
This paper points out that mining belongs to an ancient industry and its production object is natural resources.Facing the wave of knowledge economy, the strategic principles of sustainable development must be established based on technology innovation, education (training) innovation and management innovation toward highly informationized and numerically controlled mining environment, full utilization of low grads ore resources, preservation of good biological environment and strengthening competitive capability of enterprises.
This paper describes the development of vibration fault diagnosis for steam turbines being used in power plant. The problems of vibration fault diagnosis research work are also pointed out. Importance to knowledge scope of diagnosis and the research of the amplitude and phase transfer characteristic are put forward. System of performance and vibration remote monitoring and diagnosis for large-scale steam turbine sets is introduced. Finally, this paper presents the develop trends of vibration fault diagnosis for steam turbines
A high-efficient one-step mining method, Non-pillar continuous mining (NPCM), was originally put forward and carried out in a copper mine in Anhui Province, southeast of China. Reliability theory was employed to analyze the stability of the critical structures, including temporary ore wall and backfilling in substope of NPCM, which was completely different from the traditional analysis method, the deterministic value analysis method. Anti-overturning and strength limit state equations for temporary ore wall in NPCM were derived, and reliability index (β) and safety factor were calculated. The relationship between the reliability index and width of the temporary ore wall were shown. Further, this paper established a 3-D limit state equation of back-filling in sub-stope of NPCM. Using the 3-D limit state equation the safety factor of backfilling in substop and its reliability index were obtained.
The transverse flow, coaxial flow and diffusion cooling are the current types of high power CO2 laser for industrial applications. A new CO2 laser is being developed. Its round resonator consists of a number of equally-spaced and coaxially-mounted metal cavity units. Each unit has several channels for gas flow and discharge. The discharge ignited at the interface of the flow channel and the cavity is blown into the cavity, where the particles are excited and gain forms. The electrode structure, metal wall action on the active medium cooling, and the gain distribution have been studied. It is shown that the multi-channel blown-in discharge, intercavity spiral flow and adjacent unit rotating certain angle facilitate the circular uniformity of gain distribution. As a result, a new CO2 laser with high beam quality and compactness can be obtained.
Since the exact Expected Utility Functions (EUF) are not available in many circumstances, it is hard to make decision in environment characterized by incomplete information and uncertain decision results. Being aware of the defects of traditional decision analysis techniques, a new decision making method named Evolutionary Decision Making Based on Candidates Ranking is proposed. By selecting a set of indexes relevant to the expected utility of the candidates, the construction of decision rules can be reduced to finding the quantitative relationship between them. If all of the candidates are classified according to the indexes relevant to their expected utility, then Evolutionary Algorithms can be used to search for the expected utility ranking of the whole set of candidate classes, thus the optimal decision can be made based on the ranking. Some special considerations for Genetic Algorithms for ordering problem are also highlighted. The new method enjoys the advantages of weak dependence on expert knowledge, robustness in environment with random noise, no dependence on explicit EUF, effectively treating non-numerical, non-quantificational indexes and conflicts or correlation among indexes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by its successful application in the controller design of certain simulated robot.
This paper proposes the concept of both-branch fuzzy decision on X, which contains neutral universe(X*≠{x}), and the optimal decision analysis model. In addition, the paper proposes decision judgement theorem, decision discernment theorem, decision surplusage-discarding theorem and hole-digging principle on decision factors universe X. Both-branch fuzzy decision has such characteristics as decision two-direction dependence character, decision piling-synthesis character, decision branch-separating character, decision branch-degeneration character, and decision non-fault character. The research results have found application.
Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy for TCM, cooperated with other units, on the basis of making use of computer image technology and combining TCM theory of tongue inspection, developed the expert system of tongue inspection of TCM and accomplished the quantitative analysis of tongue inspection. The system was used in quantification study on the tongue body and tongue coating for 927 patients. The results showed that each kind of tongue body and tongue coating had its corresponding quantitative RGB (three basic color, R is redness, G is greenness, B is blueness) characteristic. RGB value of tongue coating is related not only to the color, but also the thickness, curdy appearance, greasinessl of tongue fur and so on significantly. RGB value between different tongue fur is different significantly. The percentage of tongue coating area can basically reflect the tongue coating covering area. Therefore, the application of tongue inspection of TCM on the quantificational diagnosis of the tongue body and tongue coating can provide objective references for clinic of TCM.
The reformation of upper bearing box in AGC system is described, its strength is checked by using FEA and the best result is provided.
Analytical instruments form an important part of scientific instruments section. Analytical instrument industry belongs to the information industry with high technology. The development of analytical instrument industry is one of the main promotion forces and basis for the development of modern science and technology, economy and society. The innovation in scientific instrumentation is by all means an innovation of science and technology. It should be considered as a strategy of the whole nation to speed up the development of scientific instruments. The main application area of analytical instruments has been moving towards the biomedical fields and analytical instrumentation itself is going towards miniaturization and with more intelligence. However, the precise instrumentation of high quality needed when the human challenges the two extremes of either time or space is definitely not negligible. Life, production, scientific research and social activities all need large quantities of such analytical instruments as on-line, noninvasive, nondestructive, in-situ, in-real-time and multidimensional instruments. The trend of widening the gop between the instrument industry at home and abroad must be taken into serious consideration. One of the main factors which influences the changing of such a situation most would be the change of the old idea on scientific instruments of all ranks including leaders, enterprisers as well as scientists and engineers.
From the general trend of globalization of economy, the approaches for promoting of progress of iron and steel industry in China were studied. On the basis of improvement of management, it is necessary to realize the computer integrated control and management in the coming years. It is necessary to introduce the risk investment system and develop new technologies, e.g. smelting reduction process and the near shape casting process. It will bring benefits to environmental protection and energy saving.