To assess current status of serum lipid levels in healthy inhabitants of China and their secular trend in the past 5 decades. Methods： The authors reviewed the contemporary literature (studies published between 1959 and 2002; bibliographies of reviews and original articles). Articles were included if they were following a standardized protocol for serum collection and lipid examination. Thirty-five articles in different target population from Beijin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin and Kunming met inclusion criteria. This paper summarized important results of these studies and also the author´s own study performed in Shanghai on lipid epidemiology. Results： (1)The levels of blood total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) increased along with the age. The levels of TC, TG and LDL-C among women before fifty were similar to that of among men of the same age, but higher in women than men over fifty. The TC, TG and LDL-C levels were higher in urban area than in rural area. (2) The levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) kept stability with aging, and they were lower in men than in women. (3)Secular trend analyses showed that the level of TC, TG and LDL-C increased steadily and significantly in all population, which reached the highest level at the end of 1990s, while HDL-C level decreased. (4) The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (TC＞ 200 - 220 mg/dL) differed greatly among different population, from 17.8% to 54.9% in men, and from 14.9% to 53.4% in women, respectively. (5) Possible determinants for these changes were alternations in the composition of the diet in Chinese population along with the rise of living standards of the people. Daily intake of dietary fat, animal protein and cholesterol increased, while the proportion of carbohydrate decreased. (6) Coronary heart disease has been become the most common heart disease in China correlating with these changes. Prevention strategies： Primary prevention including： (1) resume healthy diet and have reasonable composition of the diet; (2) have lifestyle modifications and reduce other coronary heart disease risk; (3) recommendation for increasing physical activity. Secondary prevention including： If the patient did not achieve recommended target lipid levels after 3 months of lifestyle modifications (dietary therapy and physical activity), he or she should receive pharmacotherapy for dislipidemia.
As a complex weapon system integrated with optical/mechanical/hydraulic technology, main battle tank (MBT) has powerful fire, high mobility and integrated protection. This paper described the status of MBT in the war and its performance characteristics. On the basis of analysis of existing problems and development tendency of current MBT, the author put forward that in order to meet the operational requirements of the future high-technology war the next generation MBT should be low-profiled, light, digital and stealthy.
The collision between the Eurasian Continental Plate and the Pacific Plate along the eastern margin of Asian Continent produced a series of apron-frill-shaped island-arcs. The Taiwan Island-arc is only one of them. Its activity follows the general regularities of the plate motion but has regional characteristics. The Taiwan Islandarc is different from its adjacent Ryukyu and Luzon island-arcs and has transformlike fault occurring in it.
Fujian, Taiwan Strait, and Taiwan Island proper, located in a zone west of the Huadong Longitudinal Valley,are a part of the Eurasian continental crust and joined up as a whole body,dipping slightly to ward east at an angle of 29°～30°. The eastward flow of the asthenosphere led the body to strongly collide with the Philippine Sea Plate at the Huadong Longitudinal Valley and caused the Mesozoic clastic sediments and volcanic rocks in the upper continental crust to be strongly folded. They have westward overthrust and uplifted on the base of Euarasian Plate and hence a double-layer structure of Jurassic type was formed. The activity age of this series of NNE-trending westward overthrust faults is younger from east to west . ,
The western Taiwan Plain and the Taiwan strait represent tht Pliocene-Quaternary foreland basins in the arc-continent collision zone. In the basins the Quaternary deep-water fine-grained sediments were accumulated and the deposits are evenly distributed. The lower part of these deposits unconformably overlie the Pliocene deposits,in which a series of mainly N-S-trending stepped faults is developed. It reflects a trend of weakening tectonic movement in the zone since the Pliocene.
Under the control of the described above general tectonic conditions, the seismicity in the strait is in some concert with that on the Taiwan Island proper. But crustal stress is largely released in the high seismic zone on the western margin of the Central Mountain Range, which has screen and prevention effects on the straits area. However,the zones in outer sea areas off both ends of the Taiwan Strait and Taiwan Island proper controlled by NW-trending transform-like faults are prone to strong earthquakes when the NE-trending seashore faults intersect the transform-like faults.
The Taiwan Strait are located on the Eurasian continental crust and its seismicity is of intraplate type. Large historic earthquakes of magnitude around 7 occurred on both northern and southern ends of the Taiwan Straits. Moreover,the Cenozoic deposits are evenly distributed in the intended engineering project area,where no active fault zone was found. It is estimated that the probability of occurrence of future M≥6 earthquake is quite lower.Thus,construction of the tunnel across the straits is feasible in seismotectonic aspect.
The application of the six new technologies including cold air flash smelting and the outstanding achievements of realizing clean production in Jinlong Copper Smelter are introduced in this article on the basis of the flash copper smelting technology with cold air variable feed infection and dynawave scrubbing system, and a new research direction regarding copper and nickel flash smelting is put forward herein.
As a result of the advent of natural gas in China, the city gas faces a good situation of great development at the beginning of the 21 st century. Over 400 cities are involved in the overall planning of natural gas supply, but many careful considerations should be made at present. This article makes the analysis and discussion of the major problems existed, in the hope of attracting universal attention to decrease the risks existed in the construction of projects.
After a brief introduction to the present situation of electric vehicle (EV) in China, it has been pointed out that the neck for developing EV is battery. The most important role played by Li-ion batteries in the development of EV has been evaluated. It has been pointed out that the key fact at the moment is to develop materials which can meet the requirements of Li-ion battery for EV. Some progresses obtained in the author’s laboratory in this field have been reviewed.
Although the PD value of high-pressure manifold in Guangzhou Pumped-storage Project reaches 58 000 kN.m, the reinforcement concrete manifold is applied in the project instead of the conventional steel manifold. The design principle for such kind of manifold is based on bearing the water pressure mainly by the surrounding rock. Measures such as blasting control, concrete quality control and high-pressure grouting have been taken in construction to achieve the design requirement. The practice proves that this kind of manifold is reliable in performance, efficient in cost and excellent in benefit. Slipforming technology used in the concrete lining construction of high-pressure long inclined-shafts becomes the tough point, and no successful experience was available from both home and abroad at that time. Successful performance has been achieved in inclined-shaft construction of Guangzhou Pumped-storage Project by improving and bettering a set of interval inclined-shaft slipform imported. The self-innovated and patented XHM-7 inclined-shaft slipform equipment used in the long inclined-shaft construction of Tianhuangping Pumped-storage Project has realized the consecutive rising of the concrete lining in the inclined-shaft, which shows the advantages of novel structure, reliability, faster concreting and lower cost of the equipment. The successful application of the two above-mentioned new technologies will provide useful experiences to the promotion and application in the similar future projects.
This paper reviews and analyses the major findings of research during the last 15 years in Harbin Institute of Technology, on bias coal combustion technologies. Five problems in China's coal combustion in boilers of power plant are given. The theory and characteristics of air-surrounding-fuel flow of bias coal combustion technologies are introduced and analysed. Industrial experiments tested the theory of airsurrounding-fuel .To greatly decrease the NOx emission, the paper points out the development of these technologies in the future.
By using the method of direct numerical simulation, the coherent structures in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer with either steady or changing pressure gradients were studied. Initial values of the coherent structures in the wall region were obtained on the basis of the idea of resonant triad in the theory of hydrodynamic stability. It was found that the results of DNS match with those of experiments very well in many aspects. Pressure gradients have much more effect on choosing preliminary waves than on evaluating of the coherent structures. The longitudinal vortices probably result from the streak lines.
The fuzzy gray matter-element space theory (FHW) , founded in 1980s by Professor He Zhongxiong, is a theoretical method which is about soft science decision supporting to solve the problems of making decision and forecasting in the large scale complex systems. Based on Delphi method, it combines the BS and K. J methods together and synthesizes several theories including fuzzy mathematics, gray system and metterelement analysis. The soft science decision supporting system on the basis of the FHW theory has achieved a lot in the practical application. For nearly 20 years, this kind of theoretical method has got its own long-term development and improvement by the integration of other subjects such as artificial intelligence, complex system and set theory. This paper briefly introduces the FHW theory system, practical application and development in the recent years.
The first and second-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) effect on the performance of 10 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s systems is studied. The statistical behavior of PMD is considered by simulating the nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) pulses distortion and the system's Q-factor based on principal states of polarization (PSP) theory. It is found that the effect of PMD is significant in higher bit rate systems and the second-order PMD cannot be neglected. Furthermore, the RZ format is more tolerant to PMD than is the NRZ format, and the system performance is improved if the input pulses are appropriately chirped.
This paper briefly introduces the proposition of typical information method (TIM) and some successful applications in the research of complex engineering and technology problems, explains the extensive use of TIM through some typical examples in astronomy, geology and biology, which are with some complex systems as their research objects, expounds the concept of TIM, and discusses some thinking about the scientific methodology concerned.
Triacontanol (TA) emulsive powder is a kind of widespread plant growth regulator. Since 1997, the work of experiment, demonstration and extension activities on rice in Fujian Province has got progress. The leaves are sprayed with 1 ～2 mg/L TA respectively for one time during the differentiation of juvenile ear and incubation period. The results show that TA can improve the growth of rice, increase the carbon and nitrogen metabolism, raise the effective ear, ear quantity and setting percentage. It also can increase thousand-grain weight and dry weight, and so on. Treating with TA can increase the dry weight of grain 0.964 t/hm2 equally compared with the control. And the rate of increased yield is 15.4% . Besides, it can improve the quality of rice. According to the data of checking seed and measuring yield in several states for many times, it indicates that the effect of increase in yield remains stable. Not only input-output ratio is high, but also it has many advantages, such as non-poisonous, non-pollution, low cost and high-return, and it is easy to be operated.
Starting with the requirements of the society and consumers, this article focuses on the study of the flowchart and the technique of forming the ideas of creating a completely new product. Taking the analysis of the process of forming the idea of inventing a flying machine as an example, it explores the internal law of forming the ideas of creating a completely new product.
In the course of the study, the following steps are taken： Firstly, find the main characteristics of the product designed in mind. Secondly, look for the matter which possesses these characteristics according to the implicative nature of matter-element. Thirdly, compose these elements on the basis of their internal relations and a proper principle to get a system set of matter-element. Finally, adjust, perfect and evaluate it and get the set of ideas of creating a completely new product.