A brief introduction of nation-wide deep profiling and deep drilling, carried out in Russia, USA and China respectively is given in this paper. It is suggested that deep exploration is a significant development following regional geological survey. Understanding of the four-dimensional structure of crust and upper mantle enables people to get structural pattern of earth shallow depths (at least down to 100 km) in detail, allowing deepening people´s knowledge of earth. The results of deep exploration, thus, can provide multi-purpose services, and it is of completely new significance, for example, in predictive evaluation of mineral resources, in study of geological environment, in theoretical study of continental dynamics, and so on.
Taking the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an example, the paper introduces newest results of deep exploration in the Plateau, such as the fine structure of crust, which is characterized by structural complexity of upper crust and strong rheological property of lower crust. There is a the limitation of downward extension of the surface dislocation, and no trans-lithosphere faults exist there. It is found out that hidden or half-hidden large decollements or thrusts are the restrictions for downward continuation of the faults above. Some buried partial melting layers or magmatic chamber or magmatic rock zone are discovered, and it is of great significance for geothermal evaluation and prospecting prognosis. The stability of Moho undulation in depth is verified, and existence of large faults is not determined. For the first time the newest results of high-resolution seismic tomographic imaging of teleseism body waves are introduced. It is suggested that after the collision of Indian lithosphere mantle with Asian lithosphere, i. e . with downward movement of the Indian lithosphere mantle at a steep angle to the north, it was detached into upper and lower layers. While the lower layer was sub ducting down to asthenosphere, the upper layer extended to the north of Wenquan, where it was dislocated and fell into asthenosphere. A test integrated interpretation, in which the deep detection results were interpreted in consideration with GPS and leveling survey, was made in this paper.
Toxins are biogenic chemical substances with meaningful value. They display plentiful diversities in many aspects such as biogenity, chemical structure, biological activity, etc. Toxinology, a novel disciplinary subject , develops rapidly in recent decades, the advances in which are pushing effect on chemical biology, chemical ecology, biogenic syntheses, life science, environment science and medicine. It is noteworthy that the toxin research gives impetus to drug discovery. Numerous useful clinical medicines are natural toxins or them derivatives. Meanwhile, the information from toxin researches could provide valuable pharmacophoric pattern and structure motif for drug design. Furthermore, toxins are outstanding toos to explain and to search new target site of drugs.
The huge Three Gorges Project is technically complex. Quite a lot of technical breakthroughs have been made on the issues such as river closure of the Grand Channel and concrete construction of the cutoff wall, prompt concrete construction of dam, high slope construction of permanent shiplock, large-scale steel-lined reinforced concrete penstocks of power station and temperature and pressure maintaining of the spiral case, asphalt concrete core wall, metal works of the shiplock, turbine generating units, and so on.
Entering the era of 21st century, there are two characteristics bearing on thinkinginnovation and comprehension. As to innovation, how to exite creative-thinking is a warm problem. From the high level of philosophy—epistemology and relative-truth of materialist-dialectics, this paper shows that there is the duality of every form of thinking including the thinking of deduction and that of socalled fixed-accustoming. There is an existence of both non-creative thinking and creative thinking and under certain conditions non-creative thinking may be turn into creative thinking which can make new knowledge and innovative achievements. As to comprehension, there are many different opinions on how to define and classify thinkings. By combining physiology and psychology, this paper divides thinkings into 2 parts and 7 basic forms. Connecting dialectics with comprehension, the conclusions of this paper are shown： the duality of non-creative thinking and creative thinking, the duality of reasoning thinking and understanding thinking, the duality of original knowledge and new knowledge, the duality of idea and test-verification, the duality of discovery and invention, the duality of science (sense of truth ) and art (sense of beauty ). The last conclusion is expressed as an example of seeking the theory of a cross-course —industrial design, the main contents of which are technology, art and market. This theory of ID is the first advance in ID.
This paper introduces some developing trends of new materials and material sciences, such as multifunction, composite, miniaturization, low cost manufacturing and analyses the basic properties and problems of processing of high performance ceramics nowadays. The paper briefly describes some special properties, possible application fields and mass production problems of ceramics with structural and functional properties combined, such as silicon carbide, Nd doped YAG, and Sialon with rare-earth elements added. Finally, proposed several topics (including processing sciences)of such kind of multifunction materials for future research and developing.
This paper discusses the developing process of simulation technology in view of its development, maturation and further development. Then this paper introduces the application of simulation technology in the fields of national economy. Finally, this paper analyzes the level and status quo of home and overseas simulation technology, and presents its future trend in the new century.
Fruit germplasm resources, levels of fruit industry, and research status at present in China are desqribed. Discussion lays particular emphasis on (i) realizing modernization and specialization in production of traditional variety groups; (ii) fruit development and construction of ecological environment; (iii) attaching great importance to root system research; (iv) development of fruit processing industry at a suitable speed and on the basis of scientific investigation and paying attention to reasonable combination of large-, mid- and small-scales; (v) establishing an engineering-technic system for production of quality fruits. Concretely, the research should cover variety combination and specialization, breeding ‘ worldwide varieties´ and famous-special-fine varieties, production of nuisanceless fruits via environment protection, putting root system research to aim at sustainable development and fruit quality, nutrition-genotypic root systems, renting genes, forming an engineering-technic system to guarantee fruit quality, knowledge of gradual progress in fruit processing industry, etc.
The regional characteristics of the atmospheric environment and the impact in Beijing were discussed in details. Applying point set for the network, the transport passageways of the atmosphere were determined, and the concept of converging zone was put forward, and the characteristics of atmospheric pollution were analyzed. Applying the laser techniques, the vertical distribution of the aerosol was detected. It was shown that the environmental quality of the atmosphere in Beijing was relative to the pollution sources in the neighborhood around Beijing area. And it was confirmed that only by the simultaneous treatment of the pollution source in both Beijing and its neighborhood areas, can the environmental quality of the atmosphere in Beijing be improved.
By both the satellite detection techniques and the analysis of the wind stream fields of the atmosphere, the phenomena of dust-storm in China were researched, and the inner source and outersource of the dust-storm in China were determined. The especially strong dust-storm on March 22, 2002, was taken as an example, by which the distribution of the original sources of the dust-storm was resolved, and the lots of the bare lands in Spring in the north of the Yangzei River were involved. The initial process of the dust-storm appeared as a group of point sources, which were then combined into a sand-dust band. Finally, the dust-storm pollution of the large areas would appeare. The modern theory and concept for the environment in China were described chiefly.
Based on depth-averaged mathematic model of flow and pollutant transportation in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, the k-ε double equations´ turbulence model and the coupling arithmetic of velocity-water depth are adopted, which are applied to the numerical simulation of the flow and the contamination diffusion-transportation. The flow field and concentration of discharge both along bank and in the centerline of the meandering channel in laboratory are calculated, and the calculating results accord well with the measured data.
This paper studies the relationship between fire and socioeconomic factors of China based on the statistics data from 1997 to 2000. The result indicates that the relationship of fire and socioeconomic factors of China is different from that of developed countries distinctly. In China, fire situation is more serious in areas with more developed regions and tends to be more serious with the increase of economy. More comprehensive relationship of fire and economy has been proposed by discussing the relationship among fire and economy and education, i.e. , fire increases at first, then decreases with the development of economy. The prediction of fire situation in the future has been made based on the analysis of the paper.
Generally, reasoning theory can be divided into certainty reasoning theory and uncertainty reasoning theory. Traditionally, certainty reasoning theory is used to detect and diagnose satellite faults. However, in practice, it is difficult to detect and diagnose some satellite faults automatically only by use of certainty reasoning theory. The reason is that detection and diagnosis of these faults requires reasonable reasoning and fault-tolerant capability, but certainty reasoning theory can not realize the capability. Fortunately, uncertainty reasoning theory can meet this requirement. Now, it is attracting attention of many researchers and practitioners in the space field all over the world that uncertainty reasoning theory is applied to detect and diagnose the satellite faults which can not be handled properly by certainty reasoning theory. Uncertainty reasoning theory includes several kinds of theories, such as inclusion degree theory, rough set theory, evidence reasoning theory, probabilistic reasoning theory, fuzzy reasoning theory, and so on. This paper introduces three new methods to detect and diagnose the satellite faults, in which inclusion degree theory, rough set theory and evidence reasoning theory of the uncertainty reasoning theory are used respectively.
Intelligent layout optimization system of truss structures, based on fuzzy, neural network, and chaos, is made of five modules. A new layout optimization model is formed. This system takes on intelligent and adaptive. It can complete the whole optimization programming including automatically creating of ground structure of trusses and layout optimization. It is showed by an example that this system is stable and the final layout optimization result is reliable.
The new development of three basic theories of extenics, including basic element theory, extension set theory and extension logic theory, has been introduced in the paper. And the new theoretical frame of extenics has also been set forth.
Harmless and resourceful techniques for sewage treatment that are applicable to the implementation in small cities and towns and their development were summarized in order to provide reference for solving the deficiency of water resources and aquatic environment deterioration in China. It emphasizes that the resourceful reuse of wastewater after a harmless treatment with adjusting wastewater treatment measures to local conditions is the direction of waste treatment in small cities and towns in the country. The foreground of the harmless and resourceful techniques to be applied to small cities and towns was analyzed and discussed.