Transport has become the dominant oil-consuming sector in the world. Oil use in the sector has increased steadily over the past 30 years and now represents nearly two-thirds of total IEA oil consumption. This article examines a variety of options and strategies in transport of the developed countries to reduce oil consumption. Some suggestions are proposed for saving oil in transport of China.
In June 2004, re-analysis of Oklo (in Gabon, West Africa) LANL nuclear reactor data finds that, the Fine Structure Constant (a) has decreased by 4.5 parts in 108 in last 2 billion years (Phys. Rev. D, Vol. 69，P. 121701), that translates into a very small increase in the speed of light. This is the experimental situation against the classical special relativity (SR) recently, but there are problems of interpretation. In other-wise, for a massive photon the Maxwell equations get replaced by the Proca equations. And then, the magnetic veotor potential A becomes observable. There are old methods and recent mearements about the rest mass of photon, so we believe that, in fact the photon is massive.
The main, linear extensions of Maxwell equations are the Proca equations (1936) and the Ohmara equations (1956). The purpose of this paper is to study the EM-wave velocity in the Proca's theory frame. And it is found that there is superluminal speed of the electro-magnetic waves which propagate in the free-space (vacuum). In the paper, a comparison is made between the cut-off phenomenon of waveguide and the Proca waves, the significant results is presented.
Computer aided process planning (CAPP) has been regarded as not only an important research area for the informatization on shop-floor level, which presently remains a relatively weaker sector in information-based manufacturing, but also a bridge across the informatization of shop-floor and enterprise levels. For its wide spectrum of tasks with vast amount of contents involved, as well as for its strong necessity in customization to different manufacturing sectors and various manufacturing processes, CAPP has met with difficulties in generalization and commercialization. On the other hand, due to its position as cross point among various manufacturing activities, it has been proven difficult in integrating with other enterprise application systems. This paper introduces some advancements in the R&D of CAPP, including the application of framework technology in the development of an open architecture CAPP platform, system integration based on BOM transformation, as well as promoting the application of CAPP thorough solving typical problems for some specific industries. In addition, some trends in the R&D of CAPP are also pointed out, i.e., quantified analysis and parameter setting, CAPP based on 3D models and CAPP for shop-floor applications are important directins for further R&D in this area.
The strengthening effect of phosphorus and boron on wrought superalloys is reviewed and discussed. The addition of phosphorus and boron can prolong the rupture life of some wrought superalloys over 3 times, and lowers the constant creep rate by an order of magnitude. By micro-alloying with phosphorus and boron, alloys with extended rupture life are developed, the service temperature of IN718 alloy is enhanced, and the alloys which can be used for a long time at 700℃ with higher combined properties can be developed.
In the past applications saw laser as light source only, did not involve in internal structure and physical phenomena of lasers. The efforts had been done to transform single HeNe laser into a sensor, but ceased before great breakthrough. This paper reports the progress in investigating Laser Nano-meter Measurement Ruler, which is just the laser itself. The principle is based on the frequency splitting, mode competition, cavity tuning, etc., of laser, which are done or found by the author and colleagues. The configuration is that employing an inter — cavity birefringence element to split a laser frequency into two frequencies, ⊥light and // light; alternately occurring of strong and medium mode competition as the cavity being tuned, dividing the lasing bandwidth to three equivalent parts; again making the laser longitudinal separation being 4/3 of lasing bandwidth. The consequence is that 丄 light suppressing // light dying out in the first A /8 of mirror displacement, ⊥light and //light oscillating together in the second λ/8, //light suppressing ⊥light dying out in the third λ/8, ⊥light and //light dying out together in the fourth λ/8; with one time of repetition of the four regions the displacement of the mirror is λ /2. Calculating the number of polarization regions the displacement is known. The direction of displacement can be judged by the difference of polarization of each region. The cavity mirror of movement is joined with the object to be measured by a guide. The measurement range： 12 mm, resolution： 79.08 nm, linearity： 5×l0-6, 2σ = 0.314 μm. This achievement is significant for both fields of lasers and metrology.
In recent years, many Chinese enterprise have implemented enterprise resource planning (ERP). Many journals and newspapers published papers on why and how to implement ERP, but to the relationship between ERP and performance of enterprise, and how to evaluate the effect of ERP, have not paid enough attention. In this paper, the problem of evaluation of ERP implementing in Chinese enterprise was studied. One comprehensive evaluation index system which combines the application ability and application effect indexes was advanced, and one case of ERP implementation in Chinese enterprise was studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the evaluation index system.
Effects of incident wave angle and complicated topography on hydrodynamic characteristics of a buoy are studied using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The hydrodynamic coefficients of different conditions are acquired. The correctness of the numerical method is verified through a comparison with analytical results of a simple seabed. In order to improve the efficiency of the analysis, the BiCGStab algorithm, considered to be among the most powerful algorithm in solving linear systems, is employed. The results presented here will supply some important information for designs of ocean structures.
The new type restrictor of hydrostatic bearing has many good and useful restrictive performances： ①According to the analysis in this paper, the restrictive parameter index must be preserved b≥3.② When extra load forced on the bearing fluid pocket, the pocket pressure is increased by the additional load at once. At this time, the pocket pressure is applied to the end area of valve also. Therefore, the valve will be changed along axis by the increased fluid pressure. The incremental value of restrictive parameter will be increased at the same time. As a result, the new type restrictor will be supplied with more fluid flow. The bearing clearance may maintain nearly constant. ③There are three new types of restrictors： new type variable clearance slide valve, new type clearance sheat and new type variable diameter capillary. It has advantages, such as simple construction, low cost and smaller volume.
It's pointed out by this paper that the priori knowledge of random rough soil surface is needed in soil moisture inversion by using passive remote sensing, so the precision of priori knowledge has effect on the inversion result. Several kinds of inversion error are defined in this paper to depict the influence of three kinds of priori knowledge on the inversion, these three kinds of priori knowledge are the type of soil surface height distribution, soil temperature, and soil texture. Simulation result shows that it's feasible to invert soil moisture by neural network (NN) based on bi-spectrum model (BSM) . Using two kinds of emissivity data of two polarizations as the input of NN, the inversion error of soil moisture is allowable even there is some uncertainty on these three kinds of priori knowledge.
The purpose of this paper is to study how the high-temperature smoke would affect the steel constructions of the national theater. CFD method and empirical equations are employed to calculate the temperatures in the huge public hall interactively. A steel construction safe temperature of 250℃ is determined, and the calculated smoke temperatures are under the determined steel construction safe temperature, which proves the steel constructions of the national theater will pot be damaged by the smoke produced in fires.
Aiming at performance evaluation of Automatic Target Recognition (ATR), the evaluation indexes and their measurement method are chosen with the application of statistics. Then, with the application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, an opening performance evaluation model is formed. This model can offer quantitative object conclusion. In the end, simulation is carried out by test data.
This paper discusses the key content of network centric warfare. It is pointed out that the information fusion technology is one of the biggest challenges, which network centric warfare faces. Also, the main research topics of information fusion technology are discussed. They are the function model, the architecture, information fusion system engineering and arithmetic. The developing actuality of the information fusion technology at home and overseas is concluded. At last, the paper analyzes the developing directions of information fusion technology for the network centric warfare.
This paper discusses the secure operations in the web applications, and designs a framework of middleware. The paper implements the security middleware based on the “JavaBeans” and “Secure Cookie” technology. The middleware improves the efficiency of the web applications through hardware, and reduces the difficulty of development. In the end, the paper discusses the extension based on PMI system and RBAC to control the privilege.
The abutment is the part where the by-pass seepage and contact erosion often happen to make the dam not work normally, which is the key point during design and construction, so Design Specifications for Rolled Earth-Rock Fill Dams (SL274-2001) require excavating into the slightly weathered rock mass for the core wall and the reversed filter and the abutment. The spreading gradation earth-rock fill dam with crushed-stone-earth core wall is 123m high, and the highly weathering natural depth of the phyllite and sandstone at abutments on both bank is 14.6～66.4m. According to the Specification, the excavation quantity is enormous. It is practically excavated into the highly weathering zone, which can not meet with the Specification. The treatment scheme for the highly weathering rock mass on both abutments and grouting tests and grouting technics are introduced in detail. The feasibility to adopt consolidation grouting and seepage treatment measures is argued and the treatment measures and construction control standards are proposed.
The basic types of graphite morphology in nodular cast iron is introduced. According to the graphite morphological features, matter-element analysis theory is applied to establish the matter-element model for graphite morphology recognition. In this paper, extension classification tree is proposed. The way of construction and realization of extension classification tree is given. Extension classification tree is used to identify the graphite morphology. The typical experiment results are given. The method is compared with other current recognition methods.
Investigation and development status of the surface integrity application technology to improve fatigue behavior of high strength aluminium alloy, titanium alloy and ultra-high strength steels is reviewed. Fatigue behavior of the high strength alloys mentioned above is sensitive to surface stress concentration, as that in the case of a reduction in the surface integrity, their fatigue stress and stress corrosion property are reduced heavily by surface residual tensile stress and damage caused by abusive final mechanical processes such as grind, particularly the machining heat which occurs during machining practice. Some advanced mechanical treatments in surface integrity make an outstanding improvement on fatigue behavior of the high strength alloys. For example an increase of about 89% , in the tensile-tensile fatigue life for laser-shocked 7475-T761 specimens and an improvement in da/dN of about 1500 times for laser-shocked 7070-T76 specimens were obtained. Ultrasonic shot peening resulted in low-cycle fatigue strength increase of about 50% for HP-310 grade ultra-high strength steel and about 15% for Ti7A14Mo in high-cycle. An advanced surface duplex hardening treatment caused also a 30 to 35-fold increase in contact fatigue life for vasco X-2 grade gear steel.