In this paper, the establishment of a new discipline, knowledge systems engineering, and the mission and contents of this new discipline are described. The architectures of the knowledge systems are suggested and the working processes are analyzed. Some new concepts about the creation of new knowledge are put forward.
Should China develop manned space program? How to advance this program? What are the strategies and technical approaches of the manned space program? These are typical decision making issues in soft science area which involve a lot of factors including political, economic, military, social, scientific and technical factors. This paper introduces the research on these significant issues. The research was guided by the systematic methodology “meta-syntheses from qualitative hypotheses to quantitative validation” promoted by the famous scientist Qian Xuesen. The research tried to answer the question that as a developing country why China needs to develop manned space program. And further more, it put forward suggestions on the developing strategies and the technical approaches of Chinese manned space program, of which the main point was to use the spacecraft program.
Presented herein is an experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of rectangular SRC (steel reinforced concrete) columns confined with a new type of multi-spiral cages. The multi-spiral is a device of five interconnected spiral cages, named “5-Spirals” or “Yin´s Spirals” in this study, with a large spiral at the center and four small ones at the comers. The innovation of applying the 5-spirals to rectangular SRC columns is to take its superiority in concrete confinement and its efficiency in automatic production for the precast construction industry. The major parameters of this study included the cost effectiveness of the multi-spirals, and the strength and ductility of the spirally confined SRC columns. As compared to the reinforced concrete column tied with traditional rectilinear hoops, the test results showed that, with significant cost savings of confinement steel, the SRC columns confined with 5-spirals demonstrated excellent performances in both strength and ductility.
In March 2006，《The Outline of the 11th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and social Development (Profile)》stated that energy consumption per unit of GDP will be reduced by about 20% in “The 11th Five-year Plan ” period，which indicates the economic growth is transferring from conventional industrialization to new pattern. Due to the economic structure emerging with high energy intensity in “The 10th Five-year Plan”period, the proportion of energy consumption of industrial sector had gradually increased from 68.63% to about 71% of the national energy consumption. Apparently, iron and steel industry had experienced its rapid growth with the steel output increasing from 128.5 million tons to 352.39 million tons and the annual growth rate of 22.36% . Its energy consumption accounted for 21 % of the whole industrial energy consumption. Therefore, how to realize the sustainable development of increasing the output while reducing the energy consumption in those high-energy intensity enterprises would provide the good reference to the industrial sector, even to the whole country. Based on the investigation and analysis on WISCO, some important inspiration and experiences were summarized.
Finite element limit analysis method has the advantage of combining numerical analysis method with traditional limit equilibrium methods. It is particularly applicable to the analysis and design of geotechnical engineering. In the early 20th century, finite element limit analysis method has been developed vigorously in domestic geotechnical engineering using international common finite element procedures. It made great achievements in basic theory research, computational precision improvement, and broadening the application fields in the practical projects. In order to gradually achieon innovation in geotechnical design methods, this paper presented some research results of the authors and their collaborators. These mainly include geotechnical safety factor definitions, method principles, the overall failure criterion, deduction and selection of yield criterion, and the measure to improve the computational precision, etc. The application fields have been broadened from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, from soil slope to jointed rock slope and foundation, from stable seepage to nonstable seepage, from slope and foundation to tunnel. This method has also been used for searching sliding surface of complex landslide, retaining structure design considering the interaction between soil and structure, simulating foundation bearing plates load tests, and so on.
Effects of engineering factors such as fixture boundaries, assembly connections, dynamic vibration loads position and level, etc., on response of complicated structure in vibration test are investigated. It is shown that evaluations on the response of structure in service are applicable using vibration test information.
The chlorophylls and cartotenoids are the main pigments in leaves of the higher plants, which giveing the color of leaves. Based on the CIE1931 chromaticity coordinates of the chlorophylls and cartotenoids obtained from their classical absorption spectrum and the law of additive color mixing, the theoretical color gamut of higher plant leaves is determined. The theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental results.
Aiming at the demand of time synchronization, the navigation satellite two-way clock pseudo range time synchronization was presented and the application of four basic synchronic ways were analysed in this paper. Comparing with other navigation satellite clock synchronization ways, this way was provided with advantages such as high precision, simplicity and light burden to equipment on satellite and so on. In the first section of the paper the meaning and status of time synchronization of navigation satellite clock were discussed. The error of the navigation satellite clock synchronization affects users' position and precision directly. In the second section two way pseudo range time synchronization theory was introduced, that is to get time error between two stations that is satisfied with the condition △tAB =-tBr-tAr. tAr and tBr are the time of A and B station( or satellite) that receives another station ( or satellite)'s transmitting signal. The difference between them is clock bias. In the third sections pseudo range time synchronization ways introduced. In the fourth, fifth and sixth section of the paper, two way radio pseudo range(TWRPr), two way laser pseudo range(TWLPr) ,two way satellite-relay pseudo range (TWSrPr), and two way earth-relay pseudo range ( TWErP) were analyzed respectively. TWRPr way was provided and RMS = 0.42 ns. TWSrPr three stations time synchronization result was RMS =1.75 ns. In the eighth section the precision that two ways pseudo range time synchronization can reach was summed up, that is TWRPr can reach 1.0 ns. The repeated precision of TWLPr can reach 0.1 ns, and can be used to evaluate the capability of atomic clock and validate the precision of other synchronization method.
A method of multi-sensor information fusion based on rough sets and fuzzy logic is proposed in this paper. Rough-fuzzy model can be built by obtaining general simplified rules from the large number of data using rough sets theory and methods of computing reduces. The concepts of expansion and perfection to the model are also presented. Finally the simulations and experiments of pulse vacuum disinfection control system are carried out using this method, the research results show the method is effective and feasible.
The methods for analysis of stability of slope are usually considered, developed and improved along the line of finite slice method. But the safety factor of stability is facing challenge in engineering application. Because of the state of original stress in soil is ignored and disfigurement of finite slice method is in existence at all time. In different conditions of soil consolidation, K0, the lateral stress coefficient of soil state, has influenced the property of soil and excavation of slope. In this paper, in consideration of the state of soil original stress, the calculating formula for safety factor have been given with applying Coulomb's equation for shear strength of soil and Mohr - Coulomb rule. There are many examples of safety factor using the formula of this paper, which have been calculated and compared with finite slice methods selected from reference literatures. The formula have showed their clear concept, simple calculation and dependable result. They can be used in engineering.
The application of the normalizing formula will result in violations of independence from irrelevant alternatives and lead to rank reversal. In the paper, the two methods that improve the original normalizing formula to erase the rank reversal are proposed; and a MCDM example based on the WAA operator is deduced to validate the conclusion using specific data at last. The methods mentioned can also be applied into other decision operators. The application of these methods can remove the influence of the normalizing formula to the independence from irrelevant alternatives and make the decision making more reasonable and scientific.
According to the top-down design method, a MCU IP core has been designed. The core can be divided into two parts. The control part is predigested while the data path module9 s structure is regular. In a word, the design method in this paper reduces the power and the time to market.
The ground layer of the No.2 Metro Line in Guangzhou has the characteristics of mixed ground conditions： more curves and big gradient variation. So it is difficult to excavate successfully and control the tunneling direction and shield tunneling attitude. Furthermore, it is also difficult to prevent segment crack and local failure and dislocation of segment. In order to control the tunneling direction and shield tunneling attitude more successfully, the reason of direction warp was studied and the actual measure data of Yue-San shield tunneling zone were analyzed. At last, the reason and the rule of direction warp were got and many methods to control shield tunneling attitude were tried. The main cause of segment crack and local failure of segment, were also studied with numerical simulation, and methods to control segment crack were brought forward.
In the working condition of put-down loadbearing, the winders electromotor runs in electric power generation mode and feeds back power to eletricity net. This paper introduced the electric power generation working condition of mining hydaulic winder´s electromotor analysed the main parameters of electric power and calculated the feedback average power to eletricity net, which can provide reference to the further study and design of mine winders´ economic running speciality.
In this paper, the action of water mist on PVC fires in a cone calorimeter under different external radiant heat fluxes was studied and the reignition of the PVC fires was analyzed. Water mist was generated by a single pressure nozzle. Physical characteristics of the water mist were measured by LDV/APV system. The heat release rate, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations and other important parameters of the interaction under various conditions were measured by cone calorimeter. The experiment illustrated that water mist would suppress the PVC fire by evaporation cooling, oxygen displacement and radiant heat attenuation. After the fire was extinguished and water mist was shut off, fire might reignite after a period of time. The reignition time depended on the total quantity of water mist.