This paper reviewed the achievements which have been made in the engineering fields of energy and environment, aviation, IT industry, manufacture, scientific instruments and experimental apparatus in 2007. The development trends of engineering sciences and technology were also analyzed.
This paper summarizes the development and application directions of nuclear technology, including five aspects: nuclear technology and energy、nuclear technology and medicine,nuclear analysis technology,nuclear radiation technology,astronautics and voyage´s nuclear power,etc. The paper discusses the importance of them to sustainable development and generalizes the development trilogy of nuclear science and technology and its pros-pect.
Radiation techniques are widely applied in the field of materials science. Modification and processing of inorganic and polymeric materials using radiation techniques have become a rising high-tech industry. Application progress of radiation techniques in the field of materials modification and processing is summarized, and the research efforts the authors' institute made in such aspects, as synthesis of silicon carbide ceramic fibers by irradiating in a nuclear reactor, preparation of ethylene propylene diene terpolymer sealing materials by radiation crosslinking and synthesis of amidoxime chelating resin by radiation grafting are introduced in detail.
The self-reliance and innovation of Qinshan nuclear power project of phase II is clecilhed.It contains new reactor core design, as well as related experimental and calculation analysis, especially for new reactor design produced fluid-induced vibration model test, theoretical analysis and testing in-built reactor; aiming at two-loop NSSS a series improvement made for safety systems and related safety analysis to enhance their reliability and redundancy; according to specialty of two-loop NSSS an optimization made for NPP parameters and design of related equipments, for the purpose to make the output of NPP maximal; design of main reactor building and T-G building also improved according to characteristics of two-loop NSSS and site conditions. CRDM and refueling machine are researched and manufactured on base of self-reliance, their performance are better than design requirements, large portion of key equipments are localized through different way. In construction first time realized the integrated erection of containment dome. During the commissioning non-nuclear steam driving of T-G set, as well as 500 kV high voltage rising using emergent diesel generator, etc. are carried out. In period of operation still continuous innovation and improvement are made, in oader to keep the good record of operation.
By analyzing the challenges of China´s energy supply, an excellent perspective of nuclear power development in china has been described. Taking into account the mid-long term development requirements, a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable nuclear power strategic consideration and proposal is put forward. National nuclear industry can not only catch up with the world advanced level in proper time, but also possess the enough stamina of sustainability.
In this article, the basic concept, constitution and brief development history of nuclear explosions fusion power plant are introduced. A series of technique is put forward to solve the implementing safety of nuclear explosion. The design of deuterium-type nuclear device and the reclamation of nuclear fuel are put forward. The technique feasibility of power station is analyzed, and the prospects of all kinds of nuclear energy project to provide energy for the mankind in the future are compared.
History of uranium exploration and the general situation of identified uranium resources in China are introduced briefly in the paper, the feature of uranium resources is summarized as “big number of deposits, good ore processing properties and centralized occurrence”,which should be considered as the advantages. In accordance with the fact that the exploration level of uranium resources is quite low in China, it is pointed out that exploration investment must be intensified from now on to identify more uranium concentrated base which occurring of middle-large size uranium deposit in order to meet the demand of natural uranium from nuclear power sector. Besides, main scientific and technological achievements on uranium exploration during the past fifty years are elaborated in the paper. According to the exploration ability and uranium resources potential in China, it is believed that uranium exploration can realize the goal of “getting break through both in home and abroad” and guarantee to meet the requirement of nuclear industry to uranium resources in China by carrying out the uranium resources exploration strategy of “rooting domestic and open up abroad”.
The paper introduces the inception of radioisotope and its application in China. It describes the research and development,production, application progress and the future development prospect of radioisotope and its products.
China has decided to speed-up the nuclear power development.It is programmed that the nuclear power capacity will reach 40 GWe in 2020 and envisaged 60 GWe and 240 GWe in 2030 and 2050 respectively.The basic strategy of PWR-FBR matched development with fast reactor metal fuel closed cycle for a sustainable and quick increasing nuclear energy supply is adopted.Another strategy also decided is that the partitioning and transmutation of MA will be realized using fast burner and ADS.The fast reactor engineering development will be divided into three steps: China Experimental fast Reactor(CEFR 65 MWt/20 MWe), China Prototype/Demon_stration Fast Reactor(CPFR/CDFR≥1 500 MWt/600 MWe)and China Demonstration Fast Breeder Reactor(CDFBR100～1 500 MWe).The CEFR is under installation and pre-operation testing with its first criticality panned in 2009.The design study of CPFR is just started in 2006.Recently a discussion for the second step is under way to faster the fast reac-tor development by a larger than 600 MWe CPFR and as a role of CDFR.
The advantages and characteristics of detection of hidden explosives and radioactive materials by nuclear technologies are explained in this paper. The active neutron interrogation technology and their application to detection of explosives are introduced in detail. The non-neutron interrogation technology by gamma method, the commercialized industry neutron sources and gamma ray detectors and their advantages and disadvantages respectively in security application are summarized respectively. The security problem of two typical hidden explosives are discussed with 11 characteristics of a perfect detecting system of explosives. The current research progress in association with particle imaging and fast-pulse neutron system and the passive method to detection of radioactive materials are briefly described. Finally, the paper points out that for detection of hidden explosives and radioactive materials it is necessary to use different technologies for different scenes and targets or use combined technologies.
The development status and existing problems in the field of nuclear agricultural sciences (NAS) are reviewed .Including the application of nuclear technology in mutation breeding by irradiation, isotopic technique application, food irradiation and sterile insect technique, etc. China has made great achievements in the research and application of nuclear technique in agriculture from 1950s to 1990s. Due to lack of enough financial support to the basic research and reformation of science & research system in China, the development of NAS now meets its tough time. Through analyzing the difference and reasons of NAS development between China and the USA, it is recognized that the innovation in research and scientific system is important for promoting the development speed and research level of NAS.
The water quality control in PWR secondary system has close relationship with the service life of key important components, such as SG. With the improvement of water chemistry management of secondary system in Qinshan nuclear power plant（QNPP）, the water quality of secondary system becomes better and better. These improvements include renewal of management concept, adoption of high AVT of secondary system, optimized operation of condensate polisher and strictly chemical control during outage and startup period. With the implementation of these measurements, the WANO chemistry performance index improved from 1.66 in 1997 to 1.00 in 2006, reaching the advanced level of the world. The improvement of secondary water chemistry ensures the integrity of SG tubes in QNPP.