The entry of outer space is one of the greatest science and technology achievements of mankind in the 20th century. It has been 50 years past since the first man-made satellite launched, and the aerospace exploration activities, including earth observation, manned space flight and deep-space exploration, have never been ceased. This paper retraces the space exploration history of the mankind, summarizes the major research progresses and achievements, analyzes the present development trends and our present tasks and problems, and finally raises several constructive suggestions and sketches out the blue prints of China's space exploration in the future.
The development of microwave remote sensing technologies and their applications during the past 30-40 years, both in worldwide and in China, are reviewed and analyzed. Emphases are paid on the analyses of development status and increasing demand for microwave remote sensing in China in future tens of years. Based on the analyses, several strategic considerations and frontier technologies essential to future development and application are proposed.
China has launched the first lunar satellite CE-1 on Oct. 24, 2007. A microwave sounder, named Chang'E Lunar microwave sounder (CELMS) was used to detect regolith information of the lunar surface. It is the first time that humankind directly applies sensed brightness temperature to investigate the lunar surface information by passive microwave sensor on lunar orbit. Therefore, it is necessary to set up theoretical models to describe lunar surface microwave transfer process, as well as heat conduction. These models will finally used for retrieving lunar surface information on regolith depths. In this paper, we generally describe the theory on lunar regolith microwave radiative transfer, analyse the factors influencing brightness temperature received by CELMS, including temperature profiles of the surface lunar layer, dielectric permittivity distribution, underlying rock reflectivity, as well as other thermal properties of the regolith. A primary solution on simulating lunar brightness temperature is given on basic knowledge of lunar surface, mostly derived from Apollo and Luna program. The further studies on lunar surface information reversion have been conducting by applying CELMS data and other information related.
After a brief review of the exploration history of the human beings with emphasizing on the Chinese contributions, analysis is given on the motivation of the exploration activities. The scientific motivation is given particular attention. The general description and scientific objectives of four Chinese space exploration programs are given.
The foreign development of the earth observation technology is briefly introduced. The development trend of the earth observation technology is described from the angle of nation security. Besides, the shortage of the earth observation system in our country is explained on the base of the discussion on the development actuality of the earth observation technology in China. The revelation and suggestion is brought forward. The earth observation system's effect is more and more important on the economy building and technology development, which faces the different requirements on information of the land,the ocean and the atmosphere.
In the past 20 years, China has made great achievements in spatial technologies development and application. Remote sensing, geography spatial technology, and global positioning system are employed to monitor and predict various disasters (flood, drought, fire, red tide, typhoon, landslide, sand storm, and so on), and to monitor and evaluate environmental qualities (aerosol, water pollution, and ecological environment). To realize large scale, dynamic, all-weather, real time monitoring of disaster and environment, China will lunch a moonlet constellation composed of 4 optical satellites and 4 SAR satellites before 2010. Meanwhile, ground-based system and application system will also be constructed. A space-ground integrated framework for disaster and environment monitoring, relieve, decision-making, and managing is expected in the near future.
Space physics is a fast-growing cross-discipline science with the advance of satellite technology since 1957. Space environment is becoming more and more important as the fourth living environment for human being. Starting from the early 1990s, space weather is born by applying the fundamentals of space physics to applications. The space weather study is aimed to investigate and alleviate the disaster effects of solar activity on our high-tech systems on the earth and in space. This report gives a brief summary of the history, current status and future direction of the international space physics and space weather exploration and study, and introduces the suggested space physics and space weather mid-long term development strategic plan and exploration roadmap.
In this thesis, general situation of detection and significance of research to heliosphere are introduced. Important function of solar-terrestrial space process in space environment prediction is discussed. Ability insufficiency in heliosphere detection is also analyzed.
With in-orbit operation satellites increasing and remote sensing data multiplying, integration and sharing of remote sensing data become the trend of the times. On the basis of analysis on the international development,the characteristics of globalization, systematization, standardization, and the network of the international development are further summed up. On the basis of the analysis and evaluation of existing remote sensing data resources and the integration and sharing status, some suggestions and ideas are further pointed out.
This article reviews the developing tendency about the ocean exploration technology on the satellite remote sensing and its effect on the oceanic science. It looks back the developed status on the ocean satellite remote sensing technology, compares the domestic ocean remote sensing technology with overseas status simply and gives their differences. It presents the developing key technology in 2007—2020 years about our country's application technology on satellite ocean remote sensing. The first developing keystone about ocean remote sensing is to launch subsequence HY-1 satellite and HY-2 satellite. The satellite application will be stress on monitoring the ocean disaster such as red tide, overflow oil, water quality and sea ice etc. It is to table a proposal and policy about developing the application technology on the satellite remote sensing in our country.
The author monitored the crop damage using remote sensing combined with ground survey. First, the author extracted the snow disaster area using multi-phase BJ-1 multi-spectrum data and MODIS data. At same time, 3 ground teams were send to investigate the crop planting proportion and crop damage ratio. Then, crop damage area was calculated using arable area multiplied by crop planting proportion and crop damage ratio in this paper. The results showed that there were 429.76×104 hm2 crops were damaged in Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Guizhou province. Ground survey showed that the main crop-damage area lied in winter wheat and seed rape planting area. The most serious area lied in high-elevate mountain area. For damaged crops, winter wheat was just affected a little because it was in greening stage, and seed rape was effected heavily for in flowing and jointing stage. In southern area of Jiangxi and Hunan province, crop damage area were very small because many cropland were in fallow.
This paper discussed the developing trend of the foreign land observation data processing center and the problems of our country land observation data management. The developing trend of the foreign land observation data processing center are: building up the concentrative data processing center and providing comprehensive service;building up the data sharing mechanism, improving the data sharing and servicing;reforming and integrating data resources. In order to improve the land observation data sharing and applications, it is necessary to build up the national land observation data center. The construction of the national land observation data center includes the facility of comprehensive data processing, archiving, distributing and service and so on. The national land observation data center will improve the land observation data sharing and application; satisfy the requirement of land observation data.
Microwave microwave polarimeter is a sensor of measuring not only the vertical-and horizontal-polarization, but also the third and/or the forth Stokes parameters. It realizes all information about electromagnetic wave, including frequency, phase, amplitude and polarization,to be measured by a senor. The correlated information of the first two Stokes parameters is more sensitive to the anisotropy of the ocean surface. Wind direction retrieval is one of the initial motivations of the polarimeter development. In this paper, the progress and characteristic on polarimeter development are introduced and theories of ocean wind vector remote sensing are analyzed. Oceanic emission and scattering model is develoked for remote sensing wind vector using passive polarimetric microwave radiometer. The critical techniques on its system design, which include receiver and calibration methods, are discussed in order to realize scientific target of wind retrievals. Furthermore more efforts are paid on expatiating scientific topics on wind reversion methods, including geophysical model function built-up, influences of main technical specifications on retrieval precision, and wind direction ambiguity removal methods by data-processing methods and scanning geometry. The calibration errors and main specifications of polarimetric radiometer,which have significant influences on the accuracy of wind vector retrieval,are summed in detail.Finally,a new scanning geometry with fore-aft-look to remove wind direction ambiguous solution is put forward.
This paper obtained the subsidization quantum and the determinative principle of the optimal service level, and how much profit can be acquired by private sectors, through analyzing the characteristic and decision-making mechanism of two kinds of subsidization in urban rail transit building and operating.
According to the discussion of the development course and the current situation of the air pollution treatment technologies in China, the choke point of the research and development (R&D) pattern for air pollution treatment technologies is analyzed and a new technology development pattern is founded. The core of the pattern is multi-scales and system class simulation. The key point experiments and engineering regression are used as assistant instruments. This new pattern is successfully used to develop the flue gas desulfurization and denitrification technology for high capacity power plants. And the technology has already realized the large-scale application. Using this pattern, a new technology can be finally developed and made it maturity in a short period.