This paper presented the technical meaning,characteristics,recent success, futrue development of a new field of weapons──smart munitions, and some suggestions on developing smart munition of China.
The present work gives an introduction to the framework of development of high speed trains and the study on its innovation techniques in China. In the framework, the further researches were carried out on the profile and back-distance of high speed wheelset, the irregularity spectrum of high speed track, and the suspension parameters of high speed EMU in order to find their best adaptabilities when the vehicles run at the existing line. The structure parameters of the high speed EMU, which now serves in Beijing—Tianjin intercity high speed line, were in detail optimized and their hunting critical speed increases significantly. Therefore, the vehicles meet their service operation at higher speeds. The maximum test speed of this kind of the high speed vehicle on Beijing—Tianjin high speed line reached 394.3 km/h, and the vehicle represent excellent dynamic behavior. Aimed at a new generation of high speed trains with higher service speed, which will serves on Beijing—Shanghai high speed railway line, the characteristics of the non-ballasted track, and the service operation requirement of the vehicles, the vertical dynamic characteristics of the vehicle used now in Beijing—Tianjin line were further improved and optimized without loss of its critical hunting speed. The lateral and vertical dynamics behaviors and motion stability increase distinctly. The procedure regarding the import, assimilation and absorption, and innovation of high speed train techniques has been successfully accomplished.
The proposed modified Adaboost algorithm adopts the descriptive model based on multi-class classifiers (modified quadratic discriminant function, MQDF) as element classifiers which perform multi-class classification directly. It does not need to convert multi-class classifications to multiple binary classifications and has lower training complexity. Besides, it updates sample weights according to the generalized confidence which is simple and effective. In order to reduce the recognition complexity, the pruning method was performed to pick out only one best element classifier from all boosted classifiers to do the classification. Applying the algorithm to Chinese handwritten character recognition on HCL2000 and THOCR-HCD databases, the relative error rate reduced 14.3 %, 8.1 % and 19.5 % respectively.
It is a new aspect of engineering science that uses augmented reality and collaboration technology to aid the design and maintenance of large equipment. To meet the requirement of the design and manufacture of commercial aircraft in China, CAR-CA(collaborative augmented reality for commercial aircraft design & maintenance) is under development now to aid the cockpit design and training of components disassembly and assembly. This paper introduced the engineering and technology progress of CAR-CA, including the system architecture, system components, technology researches and system application prospect, etc.
The paper describes a new system protection method which is used for disaster recovery. It abandons the traditional data protection based DR(disaster recovery) achieves, replicates the whole system states, including data states together with service running states, and further introduces the method of parallel recovery to restore the interrupted services instantly. Compared with traditional techniques, the method can be independent from specific devices and applications. Different systems can share a unique DR system which is resource-saving.
Through the analysis of mould steel from different sources by the original position statistic distribution analysis (OPA), new information on the position, state and content distribution of each chemical component in the cross section of mould steel was obtained in a relatively wide range. As a result, the differences among the parameters of mould steel from different sources were uantitatively characterized, including the biggest segregation, the statistic degree of segregation, statistic degree of accord with contents (statistic degree of homogeneity), the statistic density as well as the content, variety and statistic size distribution of the inclusions. The experimental results could be used as reference for analyzing the quality variance of mould steel from different sources.
Fatigue and friction and wear performances against Al—Ni—Bronze alloy for bare and coated 300 M steel were investigated with the application of WC coating into landing gear as background in this paper. The results indicated that both WC-17Co and WC-10Co4Cr coated 300 M steel exhibited comparable fatigue limit and cycles to fatigue failure with those of bare 300 M steel; while the fatigue limit and cycles to fatigue failure of 300 M steel were decreased by 120 MPa and 70 %~90 % respectively when 300 M steel was plated with chrome plating. The effect of coating on the fatigue property of 300 M steel was attributed to the propagation of fatigue crack in coating. Fatigue crack in WC coating deflected along the interface between WC coating and 300 M steel; while fatigue crack in chrome plating propagated into 300 M steel, provided as a sub-crack initiator and hastened the propagation of main fatigue crack in 300 M steel and finally led to the decrease of cycles to fatigue failure of 300 M steel. Friction and wear behaviors of coatings against Al—Ni—Bronze alloy lubricated by 10# aircraft hydraulic oil revealed that great volume loss was observed for Al—Ni—Bronze alloy and obvious mass gain was found for chrome plated 300 M steel when chrome plating was against Al—Ni—Bronze alloy; slight volume loss was obtained for WC coating, and the volume loss of Al—Ni—Bronze alloy against WC coating was only 1/50~1/100 of Al—Ni—Bronze alloy against chrome plating at all the three loads. The wear mechanism for WC coating and chrome plating against Al—Ni—Bronze alloy was respectively governed by abrasive wear and adhesive wear.
More than 4 billion tons reserves has been found in China´s Bohai Bay. However, most of the reserves are from heavy oil, which is hard to develop. The offshore heavy oil development could neither directly use onshore experience for the reference nor learn from international example. In this paper, the main challenges were analyzed and presented for offshore heavy oil development based on the characteristics of offshore oil field. The advanced heavy oil exploitation technology was integrated into the technology system, which was successfully introduced to develop the offshore heavy oil field named by international experts as one of the most challenging technologies in the 21st century. With the novel "THREE ONE MODE" and "BEE MODE" developed, many marginal oil fields can be developed economically in Bohai Bay. And the Optimized Fast Drilling Technology adapting to offshore oilfield development was developed which could significantly reduce the drilling cost. In order to achieve the further growth of producing rate and enhanced oil recovery in Bohai oil field, the novel mode of offshore heavy oil efficient development was established after a long-term technology research and field practice. Different to the conventional development mode, this mode does not emphasize the primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery stages. It is a series of technologies which integrate, optimize, innovate and comprehensively apply in the three stages to increase production rate in early stage and prolong the high speed development time. It makes early stage water flooding, polymer flooding, polymer injection while water flooding as the policy of development technologies. Polymer flooding,as the main EOR technology, with drilling and production support technology system in multilateral wells, limited sand management and electric submersible progressive cavity pump technologies are integrated in the oil field operation to obtained the maximum benefits in the minimum time. With the efficient development mode of offshore oil field, NB35-2 heavy oil field in Bohai Bay, with the most viscous heavy oil in the world, was successfully developed. And currently the mode has been widely applied to more offshore oil fields. The theory and practice offers not only a novel method to develop China offshore oil field but also new ideals for the development of global offshore oil fields, especially for the heavy oil fields.
A novel heavy haul train safety status monitoring technique based on the fiber laser sensors was proposed in this paper. The principles of the fiber laser sensors were introduced and the schematic of the heavy haul train safety status monitoring was given. The key technologies of the monitoring system were focused, such as the high-performance fiber laser accelerometers, the high-accuracy wavelength demodulation technique, and the in-danger status recognizing technique. The systematic chematic was also proposed.
This paper firstly reviews the development of IT applications in land resource management, describes the relevant progresses in detail, then it summarizes the relationship between knowledge management and the IT applications, which is based on the analysis of the application characteristics. It points out that the new development of stage and direction is the use of knowledge management in the IT applications for land resource management. At the end of this paper, it preliminarily plans major tasks for the construction of land resource knowledge engineering.
This paper establishes a mechanical equilibrium equation for structure in any construction process of bridge formed by stages, and thus concludes that the core of process control for stage-constructed bridge is the quantity of unstressed state of structural elements. The control and adjustment of quantity of unstressed state of the structural elements provides a solution to the problem of rection calculation for bridge constructed by stages. Based on the principle that internal force and displacement have nothing to do with the construction process on the premise of a constant quantity of unstressed state, parallel operation of multiple working procedures can be put into practice, and the automatic filtration of influences from temporary load and temperature during construction can be therefore well realized.
Chinese national arctic and antarctic research expeditions (CHINARE) have continuously conducted out underway sea-air pCO2 and its relative parameters measurements in the Southern Ocean and the western Arctic Ocean for 10 years. The distribution of surface pCO2 and sea-air fluxes of CO2 were analyzed to understand variability of carbon pools for both oceans. Vulnerability of the both carbon pools was appreciated for their roles in world oceanic carbon cycle. Exploring engineering technology was also discussed to develop a polar oceanic carbon pools observatory.
A retrieving oceanic vector wind algorithm and the precision analysis of its error in accordance with the HY-2 satellite's microwave scatterometer was put forward in the paper, and a technical process of data acquisition, pre-process, wind vector retrieve and production manufacture about the HY-2 satellite microwave scatterometer was also given. It will be ready on technology for making a due ontribution once the HY-2 satellite is launched and promotes our country's oceanic microwave remote sensing technique development.
A new-generation, three-dimensional observing network on the plateau and its peripheral may not only provide a strong precursor for the development of regional disastrous weather and climate events downstream, but may also provide crucial information on cross-hemispheric energy and water cycle and global climate change. In view of the roles of the Tibetan Plateau as the upstream key region for flooding, heavy rainfall, and snowstorms in a large area of eastern China, and the most sensitive region for climate change on the global scale, a plan for setting up an observing network and application of new technology has been proposed. We have designed and constructed this new-generation observing network on the Tibetan Plateau and its peripheral regions. The development of this new observing network has gone through a path of scientific experiment engineering construction- operation application. In particular, utilizing a north-south line of observational data from GPS and AWS stations on the east fringe of the Plateau, we were able to assimilate these data into the WRF(weather research and forcaits) 3Dvar system. The ensuing predictive results indicated that the upstream observations enhanced the ability for numerical prediction of summer heavy rainfall in eastern China and winter snowstorms in south China. Verifications suggested that the observing network had a significant impact on the early warning of disastrous weather events downstream.
In order to determine if opsonin-like molecules exist in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and identify their properties, immunochemical methods including phagocytosis assay, SDS-PAGE, gel filtration and mass spectrometric analysis were performed. The phagocytosis of sea cucumber phagocytes was quantified in vitro using heat-killed yeast cells as target cells. Phagocytes of the sea cucumber were capable of phagocytosis in isotonic buffer, cell-free coelomic fluid (CFCF) and yeast cell-adsorbed CFCF, but the phagocytosis was significantly enhanced when the incubation medium was CFCF. This phagocytosis promoting activity of CFCF was eliminated by pre-adsorption of CFCF with yeast cells. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that a protein with 18 kDa was able to bind to yeast cells. By using gel filtration, the protein was isolated from coelomic fluid of the sea cucumber. Functional test of this molecule demonstrated that it was a phagocytosis-enhancing opsonin-like molecule. However, the phagocytosis-enhancing function of the opsonin-like molecule was dependent on some unknown factor(s) in the CFCF, which needs further investigations. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that this opsonin-like molecule is a new protein.
Developing the straw-based panel industry in China would be benefit to solve the shortage of wood supply and protect the forest resources and environment. In the past decade, many researchers have done lots of studies on the basic theory, the development of new products and the industrial application of straw-based panels. In this paper, it presented the latest research achievements of the author's group on agricultural residues characteristics and manufacture technologies of straw-based panel.
Tissue regeneration is the research focus in the fields of biology and medicine in 21 century. In this paper, some very important aspects dealing with the tissue repair and regeneration were reviewed, including its brief history, key scientific points and the advance in some very important fields. Also, our perspective about its development in the future was given.
This report consists of two parts: basic study and clinical trial for 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The technique of 3DCRT and IMRT has been established for HCC irradiation. And 3 clinical trials have been carried out, which yielded encouraging outcome with 3-year rvivals of 28 % to 33 % for locally advanced HCC. Radiation induced liver disease (RILD) was the predominant complication, resulting in a mortality of 76 %. It was critical to keep irradiation dose to normal liver in a tolerable level. For HCC patients associated with hepatic cirrhosis, tolerance was mean dose to normal liver of 23 Gy for Child-Pugh A and 6 Gy for Child-Pugh B, instead of 30 Gy generally used for liver without cirrhosis in the West. A Lyman mathematic model was established,which coule predicate the RILD occurrence probability for Chinese HCC patients.The model has apparently different parameters from those abroad.The established technique of HCC irradiation,which is fit to Chinese HCC,has been successfully applied in a series of clinical trials.It demonstrates that radiation therapy is one of the treatment choices for medically inoperable and technically unresectable HCC.
Endometriosis (EM) is one of the most common diseases which severely affect the health and reproductive function for women of childbearing age. Though the basic and clinical research in past decades, we have formed our unique and systemic opinion about the etiology of EM. The abnormal endometrial tissue in EM patients flows backward to abdominal and pelvic cavity, completes three-step procedure of attachment- aggression-angiogenesis, and ultimately develops into EM. In all variable influencing factors, including immune, inflammation or local micro-enviroment, the character of eutopic endometrium determines the fate of the backward-flowing endometrial tissue, live or die; for women, being ill or not. By further deeply exploring, the stem cell or its micro-enviroment in eutopic endometrium might play the key role. Besides, EM is considered as a tumor-like disorder. Our series of conceptions about EM pathogenesis could be summarized as "3A" model, "eutopic endometrial determinant" theory, and "stem cell origination" hypothesis. All in all, the study about development mechanism of EM ultimately will help to find out the more efficient and sensitive method for diagnosis, and exploit much effective measure of treatment as well.
To improve technological level of coal industry and transform means of coal production growth, is not only a necessity for the healthy development of coal industry, but also a key to improve China's energy supply and ensure energy security. The future direction for coal industry upgrading mainly lies in structural optimization and technological innovation. Shendong has carried out successful practices in the construction of a large coal production base characterized by "four principles" , which bears symbolizing significance to the upgrading of coal industry by promoting the development of Chinese coal industry in aspects of "scale, pattern and equipment" . It is suggested that Chinese government should expedite the promulgation of industry policies as well as ancillary safeguarding measure and actively promote the industry upgrading to establish a unified energy management system. By introducing Shendong development pattern, both recovery rate and the utilization of mineral resources will be increased.
This paper introduced the serious harm caused by the schism between clinical medicine and public health in disease prevention and control in China. In recent years, China has made significant efforts to mend this schism, developing an internet-based information system for communicable disease control and prevention, implementing a surveillance and reporting system for pneumonia of unknown etiology, strengthening the cooperation between medical and disease control institutions in TB prevention and control, making a momentous breakthrough in the reform of health services for patients suffering from strokes—an important chronic disease, to adapt to the needs of patients, and gradually adding clinical medicine to the modern model of disease prevention and control. These reform measures have successfully strengthened the link between clinical medicine and public health, and improved the overall efficacy of the disease control system; yet, this progress is merely the beginning of what must be done. Further measures to improve disease control, including establishing and implementing the criteria for medical institutions to implement public health tasks, must be carried out.