The article summarizes China's achievements in energy development in recent years, studies and analyzes the situation and challenges, and sets forth the major tasks at present and in the next period.It especially emphasizes that ensuring safe energy supply is the primary, fundamental and long-term task in the energy field, together with the efforts in energy conservation, optimizing energy mix, speeding up home-grown technology innovations, expanding energy international cooperation and promoting scientific energy development, are of great significance to ensure the energy supply for the healthy, sustainable and coordinated development of the economy and the society.
Along with the economic and technological development, fossil energy resources have developed from low efficiency to high efficiency, from high carbon to low carbon. Energy resources substitution will be a long process of transition from an era when fossil energy resources are the main part to another period when new energy resources develop rapidly. Natural gas, which is characteristic of immense resource including conventional and unconventional resources and high reserve-production ratio, has become the significant development moment of low carbon fossil energy resources, and will also become the first energy resource. The utilization of natural gas, which is rather low carbon among fossil energy resources, has given rise to great attention and discussion around the world and natural gas will become the bridge to realize energy resources low carbonization. Natural gas is also new energy resource in China, and has great potential for further development.
The paper emphases the necessity of making use of overseas oil and gas, and mainly analyzes the upstream cooperation situations and opportunities of Iraq, Iran, Brazil, Canada, Venezuela and North America and the contact variation trends of the world oil and gas international cooperation,and then points out the main directions to expand present upstream international cooperation.
Normal distribution and heavy tailed distribution are very important in probability theories. They have totally different mathematical forms and physical meanings. The probability density function of normal distribution decay exponentially to 0. The majority of normal random variable values are around the mathematical expectation. The tailed distribution function of the random variables that obey heavy tailed distribution shows heavy tailed characteristic. The probability density function decays power exponentially to 0.In this paper, we proved that the normal cloud model is heavy tailed distribution and its mathematical expectation exists.It is intermediate between notmal distribution and heavy tailed distribution. The parameter He(hyper entropy) of the normal cloud model is the bridge from normal distribution to heavy tailed distribution.
The overall design and actual ship properties of "Hai Yang 6 Hao" were briefty introduced by comparing the major characteristics of ocean survey ship newly built at home and abroad,and it was found that"Hai Yang 6 Hao" took the advanced level in some key techniques.
Based on 60 years' data from 22 hydrological stations in China, the dynamic changes of precipitation and temperature are analyzed by statistical method, and the correlation between precipitation and temperature was evaluated comprehensively. The main conclusions are as follows: a. Precipitation shows fluctuation in recent 60 years in China.It increases in some years and decreases in the other years, without the unified changes.b. The temperature change also has been in fluctuation.During the recent 10 to 20 years, the date from most hydrological stations shows increasing trend, but the data of some hydrological stations have shown the decreasing trend.So, it is hard to obtain a conclusion of global uniform warming.c. From the interrelationship between precipitation and temperature, in some periods or years, there was more precipitation with lower temperature, but the opposite situation also existed. Accordingly, it is difficult to draw a conclusion that temperature increase can lead to precipitation uniform increase or decrease.d. The correlativity between precipitation and temperature at most of the hydrological stations did not show significant positive or negative correlation. It shows that precipitation and temperature are likely to be conditioned by some other significant factors respectively.e. From the hydrological and meteorological analysis of China as one part of the world, we cannot conclude that global climate has the trend of changing warm.
Starting from fully excavating the potential of various agricultural water resources in the Huang Huai Hai Region, the achievement, experience and existing problems about agricultural water saving were summarized. It was proposed that by implementing semi dryland farming, developing simultaneously irrigated lands and dry lands on the basis of full utilization of local natural rainfall, and saving the large amount of irrigation water is an important approach for resolving serious water resources shortage and meanwhile for achieving sustainable growth of agricultural production in this region. Dryland farming, irrigated farming and semi dryland farming will exist at the same time as the new structure of agricultural water use in this region. By implementing these measures, field irrigation water consumption in this region is expected to reduce more than 30 % in around 2020 and take the lead in realizing the modernization of agricultural water system.
Space engineering management is complexity management, and the perspective and approach of systems science is throughout the entire content and all stages of management. This paper discusses the application of systems perspective and approach from technical management, large complex technical projects and organizational management which are the three basic aspects of space engineering management.
Strong magnetic anomalies repeatedly took place before big earthquakes. Based on geomagnetic record analysis results, we discussed a possible pattern of the magnetic anomalies prior to earthquake. In meizoseismal area or epicenter, in a time period of 36 hours to 10s minutes before earthquake, the exceptional big geomagnetic change increases with the magnitude of earthquake. We calculated that, in a place of 1 km from the epicenter, the magnetic anomaly before destructive earthquakes of Ms 6.0～9.5 can reach to 102～105 nT(the magnitude of earth's magnetic field is 5.5×104 nT), rather than the magnitude of 101 nT from seismomagnetic effect theories since 1964.From this we speculated the abnormal magnetic ULF near epicenter before earthquake seems to be an "intermittent magnetic eruption" . Accordingly, we proposed that geomagnetic induction earthquake pre-warning can be a new early warning method to surmount hardship in solving the puzzledom of earthquake imminent prediction.
Xiaolangdi Water Complex is the important control project to treat Yellow River, which got great attention of the water project field with the complex geology, difficult design, high demand for technology and difficult management. Especially because of tendering in every aspect internationally, it became the first international item of our country. Until now, Xiaolangdi Water Complex has operated for 10 years, which brought large social, economic and ecological benefits. However, the contractors from 40 countries and districts had conflicts with the project owner according to the contract management for their own benefits. The project owner──the Construction and Management Bureau of Xiaolangdi Project, supported by many aspects, constructed the project with high quality, and properly treated each complex dissension, accumulated important international contract management experience. Now China is carrying "Walking out" strategy, so the paper aimes to give reference for the constructer and investor of international project.
A method of applying life cycle theory into the control and management on thermal power project construction domain was proposed to fit the strong complexity and particularity in the construction process. An integrated control conceptual model on thermal power project construction was established which consists of quality, schedule, investment and safety. And the organization mode of integrated control was set up. Then, the integrated control flow was illustrated in detail. Finally, an information management platform on thermal power project was built up based on life cycle theory. The application result shows that the theory and the platform provide an effective technical support for the construction and management of the thermal power project.
Complete set technologies and equipment for 900 t simple supported box beam construction in high speed railways are introduced in this paper, including the pre fabrication technologies and equipment of the 900 t simple supported box beams, transport technologies and equipment, laying and erection technologies and equipment, construction technologies and equipment of the 900 t simple supported box beams under special working conditions, which can be reference to technicians in high speed railway and bridge engineering.
With research into the fundamental ideas of self tuning control, fuzzy logic and iterative learning control (ILC), this paper provides a new type of fuzzy iterative learning control strategy to reduce the seismic response of tall building. It improves the robustness of the iterative learning control. The model of a seismically excited building in the second generation benchmark vibration control for buildings is studied, using the new control strategy to calculate the seismic response of the building. The result of simulation shows that fuzzy iterative learning control strategy can control the seismic response of the building effectively, and has advantages of simple and practical learning control law, high precision in trajectory and good robustness.
Shawan exploration of Juggar Basin was faced with exploration problems of small scale oil sand, thin reservoir and rapid changes in lithology. In 2005, Pai 2 Well in Shawan formation drilled oil layer. It obtains 49.6 t/d industrial oil and the ground oil viscosity is 1.6 mPa·s. Practice and boldly exploiting contributes to Shawan's breakthrough of shallow, light oil and high lithologic oil reservoir, and high precision three dimensional seismic technology has played a crucial role. Chepaizi region of Shawan formation has double gathered and the "three floors" oil and gas accumulation mode of multiple oil source transporting, multi line oil, multi type enrichment and multi-grade coexistence characteristics. Shawan's light oil sand body shape has a good corresponding relationship with amplitude property, and the oil water boundary can be identified by seismic attributes. Oil of thin oil is oil lower limit, and powder and fine sandstone is lithologic lower limit, permeability of 0.022 μm2 and porosity of 20 % is lower limit for the properties. Reservoir interval transit time is greater than 300 μs/m, resistivity is greater than 1.5 Ω·m and resistivity index is greater than 5.5. 23 reservoirs have been found in Shawan.
In order to deeply understand the present situation and the main influencing factors of Chinese railway survey and design market, the questionnaire investigation was conducted. The descriptive statistics analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and factor analysis have been adopted in data analysis. The status and main questions of Chinese railway survey and design market was described through the questionnaire analysis. The main influencing factors of Chinese railway survey and design market were discussed, and the corresponding countermeasures were proposed.
Taking a multi dimensional perspective of economic development, carbon dioxide,industrial pollutant emission and resource consumption in the case study of Shenyang City, the resource consumption and environmental impact in the process of urban economic development and low carbon transition were analyzed. The emission reduction potential and scenario of various technologies were evaluated. The results showed that the city played a key role in global low-carbon economic construction, and emission reduction technologies in urban scale can reduce total amount of carbon emission in substantial degree. From the aspect of future development, the input of technology and economic growth pattern should be strengthened to realize economic development and total amount reduction of pollutant emission.
Based on analyzing risk factors of diversion project, synthetic risk rate and engineering insurance period, the frequency and distribution law of loss were researched on the grounds that foundation pit is submerged after diversion project ceases to be effective. And then, the standpoint that these total losses are subject to non homogeneous compound Poisson process is put forward. Furthermore, the collective risk model of the total losses about engineering insurance is established on the basis of construction diversion project risk. Ultimately, insurance ratemaking method for construction engineering risk and its mathematical expression is presented, which provides theoretical method for the insurance ratemaking of hydropower engineering to some extent.