The "Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment" is one of 16 major projects of the national medium and longterm science and technology development plan. The Liaohe River basin is one of key basins for state water pollution control. Based on the summary and analysis of water environmental problems, this paper introduces two technology systems including thought, target, framework, and content forwatershed water pollution control and treatment and management in Liaohe River basin. During the "11th Five-year" plan, some research and demonstration projects have been carried out successfully covering aquatic ecological function zoning, water quality benchmarking technology, aquatic ecological carrying capacity, water quality management in the control unit, water pollution control in key industries, and early warning and risk management of water environment. The two technology systems have played a positive significant role in the water quality improvement and ecological restoration of Liaohe River basin. A new water environmental management mode—"zoning, classification, grading, staging" mode— has been established in the whole basin, which will promote the spread of the watershed water quality target management.
The multi-variable assessment method is a current trend for studying the health of river ecosystems. A system of candidate indices, including physica-l chemical parameters and nutrition parameters, algae index, macroinvertebrates index and fish index were set based on monitoringdata collected from the Taizi River basin in May 2009. Spearman's Rank correlations and Regression modelling were used to select compatible indices to build the metric-comprehensive assessment index which was applied to evaluate the Liaohe River healthy. The results indicated that the hole basin of Liaohe River was in poor healthy situation, the poor health sites was 146, account 83 % of total sites, were distributed in the Hunhe River, East Liao river and West Liao River basin where discharge of urban and industrial pollution was the primary factor impacting the river health. The other 17 % of all sites were designated as good healthy, mainly located at Taizi River basin, and the best sites was located at the headstream of Taizi River basin where little disturbanceby human activities occurred. About the biotic indicators assessment, fish community healthy level was the worst, the best one was algae.
56 surface sediment samples were collected from Hunhe River, Taizi River, Dahuofang Reservoir in Liaohe River basin. Sediment quality criteria for heavy metals in Liaohe River basin were established by Equilibrium Partitioning(EqP) approach which was modified by author, the SQC (base on CCC) of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd were 75.26 μg/g, 25.72 μg/g 255.96 μg/g and 2.52 μg/g. Based on heavy metal acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, three grades sediment quality standards for heavy metal in Liaohe River basin were set and sediment pollution index (SPI) that a new assessing method was created accordingly. The author applied the established standards of Liaohe River basin to assess the sediment quality by SPI method, results showed that sediment quality in the middle and lower streams of Hunhe River, up and middle streams of Taizi River, middle and end of Dahuofang Reservoir were middle risk which meant that benthic survived in such heavy metal pollution sediment would suffer slight chronic toxicity effect of heavy metal. Hongtoushan Copper Mine that in the middle stream of Hunhe River and Shenyang Industry in the upstream of Xi River made extremely high sediment risk for discharging much wastewater to Liaohe River basin.
The acute toxicity data of Cr6+ and Hg2+ to the aquatic organisms in Liaohe River basin was collected and screened. Calculated results of criteria values of international species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methods were evaluated through data analysis. The comprehensive methodologies of emergency water quality standard (WQS) were established based on the SSD method of Australia and New Zealand according to the evaluation results. The affected fractions of the aquatic organisms was set to be 5 %, 15 %, 30 % and 50 %, corresponding to the risk grades of I, II, III and IV, and four-grade emergency WQS, respectively. The emergency WQS for Cr6+ and Hg2+ in the Liao River basin were derived and the corresponding risk indicators were also proposed. The results showed that the four-grade emergency WQSs for Cr6+ were 2.85 μg/L, 21.0 μg/L, 161 μg/L and 797 μg/L, respectively, and the risk indicators were daphnia (grade II), shrimp (grade III), and the bighead fish or tadpole (grade IV). The four-grade emergency WQSs for Hg2+ were 0.59 μg/L, 2.32 μg/L, 6.25 μg/L and 15.6 μg/L, respectively, and the risk indicators were crucian carp or daphnia (grade II), shrimp (grade III), and worm or crab (grade IV). The results provide valuable information for the risk analysis of emergency ambient water environmental pollution accident.
Watershed management is changing from single factor management of environment and resources to aquatic ecological protection integrated management. Water resources carrying capacity and water environment carrying capacity have not fully adapted to this situation. Therefore, it is necessary to build a new carrying capacity theory to solve the current aquatic problems. According to the demands of watershed water ecological integrity protection management, based on water ecological carrying capacity concept model, water ecological carrying capacity concept, which reveals its basic connotation of “partition, staging” property and "quantity, quality, order" progressive comprehensive constraint effects, was put forward in this paper. Then the paper analyzed its key optimal regulation variables, and established the water ecological carrying capacity partition coupling concept model using eco-regions as elements. Considering the communication of water flow and water quality among eco-regions, the system dynamics simulation model of Taizi River basin water ecological carrying capacity was established, the water ecological carrying capacity of 8 eco-regions were simulated, and optional regulation schemes of each eco-regions were determined， which can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of the watershed.
The precondition for ETV is to establish a scientific verification program index system. This study bases on biological treatment technology of wastewater, with the principles of impartial, scientific and intellectual property protection, summarizing the experience of foreign ETV index system and evaluation methods, carrying out the design for the verification index system of wastewater, combined with China's national conditions. Verification indicators consist of reference index, test index, evaluation index, which is divided into common indicators and characteristic indicators according to its characteristic.
The heavy pollution industries in Liaohe River basin are concentrated, and the water environment pollution is serious. Through analyzing the heavy pollution industrial wastewater treatment technologies, and aiming at the problems of treatment technology utilization ranges and the industrial characters, fuzzy-grey comprehensive evaluation method and hierarchy analysis method were employed to carry out multi-parameter, comprehensive evaluation in terms of treatment efficiency, discharge reduction and cost. As the evaluation processes involve both complex mathematic models and large amount of calculations, the evaluation efficiency is not high, and the accuracy is very difficult to guarantee. In this paper, computer software for the realization of the evaluation was developed, and the thought of evaluation system, structure and evaluation functions etc were designed. It showed that the evaluation system of wastewater treatment technologies can greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of the evaluation.
Electrolytic manganese (EMM) industry with a large amount of waste water and high density of pollution, belonging to the high polluting industries, is one of the main threats of pollution control and emission reduction. Based on the analysis of the pollution prevention status of EMM industry, index system for pollution prevention technological evaluation was built. This paper obtained weight and quantifying value of each index with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and evaluated the technology of pollution prevention using comprehensive index. On this basis, prediction of pollution reduction potential of best available technologies (BATs) was made using bottom-up model. The result showed the total emissions of waste water would be reduced more than 2.7×106 t, the reduction of ammonia nitrogen emission could be 6.6×104 t, recovered manganese and potassium bichromate could be 1.9×105 t and 3.747×107 t respectively, the reduction of manganese slag emission could be 4×106 t in 2015, comparing to the baseline year 2010. It also proved that clean production technology was superior to end treatment, and clean production technology would be widely used.
Based on the domestic and overseas research of watershed environment management techniques,the technology system of water quality target management for the control units was presented and the connotations and characteristics were discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, seven key techniques of the system, including the division of control units, environmental problem diagnosis, identifying of water quality objectives, construction of water quality models which is used to establish the response relationship between water quality and pollutant input, pollutant load allocation, pollutant emission reduction program, and pollutant load monitoring and evaluation are introduced. As a case study, the technology system of water quality target management for the control units was applied in Nansha River in Liaohe River basin successfully, and the total load allocation program was given, which can be used to provide technical support for the local water environment management.
The basin cleaner production was discussed based on the theory and methodology of industrial ecology, circular economy, sustainable development and systemic theory. Using the basic theory of cleaner production, combining the requisition of cleaner production from practice in China, the implementation level of cleaner production was improved from company to basin. The theoretical basis and methodology for basin cleaner production was also discussed. And the system dynamics model of basin cleaner production potential (SDM-BCPP) was established. The emission-reduction contribution of basin cleaner production was analyzed in the case of Liaohe River basin. The technology roadmap among basin cleaner production was presented from the case study.
The lab-scale and pilot-scale physical-chemical and biochemical combined technology tests were carried out for the treatment of refractory petrochemical dry-spun acrylic fiber wastewater in Liaohe River, in which the multi-compartment anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) and multi-technology coordinated catalyzed ozone oxidation were used as core unit process. The results showed that the removal performance could be improved significantly by reasonable coupling of physical-chemical and biochemical technologies in the treatment of acrylic fiber wastewater, the COD, ammonium and total nitrogen removal efficiency in combined process of MBR, ozone oxidation and biological aerated filter(BAF) could reach 90 %, 95 % and 80 %, respectively, and their concentration of effluent were below 100 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 35 mg/L. In addition, due to the lack of biodegradable organic carbon source and the refractory of acrylonitrile oligomers and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic organic matter in dry-spun acrylic fiber wastewater, the ammoniation steps which converted organic nitrogen to inorganic ammonium had limited the total nitrogen removal effect of overall process.
For the copper-containing berberine wastewater produced by pharmaceutical chemosynthesis of Liaohe River, the Fe-C microelectrolysis reactor-ion exchange column combined process was selected according to the the characteristics of the wastewater. The lab- scale and pilot- scale pretreatments were carried out. The results showed that for the influent wastewater with chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 60 000~80 000 mg/L, copper concentration of 12 000~18 000 mg/L, berberine concentration of 1 700~1 900 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of berberine and Cu2+ were higher than 99.0 %, and the concentration of berberine and Cu2+ in effluent were lower than 1.0 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L after lab scale experiment. For the pilot scale experiment, the CODCr removal efficiency is higher than 44.0 %, while Cu2+ removal efficiency is higher than 79.0 %. 12~13 kg bronze per ton wastewater could be recovered. The Fe-C microelectrolysis reactor-ion exchange column combined process showed good pretreatment effect and released the pressure of biological wastewater treatment in the next stage.
The wastewater treatment plant based on biological aerated filter faces the upgrading reconstruction to achieve the GB code first-level of wastewater discharge. Studies on the advanced treatment process involving chemical phosphorus removal, air-floated oil removal, hydrolysis acidification and the anoxic/oxic biological aerated filter were conducted, the feasibility of the process and the optimal parameters were determined. the feasibility of the process and the optimal parameters were determined. For pre-denitrification, the reflux ratio was 125 %, the hydraulic retention time was 20 min. The cost of construction and operation were calculated. The theoretical evidence and database can be used to the reference for the upgrading reconstruction of the similar wastewater treatment plant.
The novel remediation technologies for heavily polluted river in Shenyang—Fushun Section of Hunhe River basin were adopted according to their wastewater sources and water quality characteristics. The technology and effects of strengthened tidal-flow wetland for nitrogen removal, the multi-layers biological floating inland, and the combined process of algal pond and hydrophytes pond were optimized. The principal of removal theory, removal effect and optimal operation parameters were analyzed. Additionally, their practical treatment capability was proved through real demonstration project. The result shows that the selected process displays a good treatment capability and applicability for northern polluted river.
In the National "11th Five-year" period,the Liaohe River basin water pollution control acquired breakthrough progress. It eliminated water quality worse than class V for chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the mainstream of the whole river basin. In order to consolidate the control achievements of the Liaohe River mainstream,and to achieve long-term goal of sustainable development,Liaoning Provincial Government desi-gnated the mainstream of Liaohe as conservation area and established a conservation bureau. This is the first administration to be set up in China carrying out integrated basin management. So we do the research about the Liaohe River control and conservation. The goal of the research was to restore a healthy river ecosystem including flood control,good water quality,healthy ecology and beautiful landscape. It's realize the integration of hydraulics,ecology,environmentology,landscape esthetics,economics and other interdisciplinary concept in ecological environment protection plan of China. It's also considerate the interaction and relationships of hydraulic project,pollution control project,ecological restoration project and demonstration area construction project. We have completed five special researches of land use,ecosystem restoration,integrated river management,ecological demonstration area construction,and control and protection capacity establishment.