As extreme climate and environmental changes increase, urban public safety faces increasing risks and challenges owing to the rapid urbanization process. The construction of safety resilient cities focuses on urban disaster prevention and mitigation and can promote high-quality urban development. Considering the demand for urban disaster prevention, mitigation, and safe development, this study reviewed the problems existing in urban disaster prevention and mitigation and analyzed the current challenges facing the construction of safety resilient cities. Moreover, four key aspects for building a safety resilient city are proposed, namely institutional, social, engineering, and technological resilience. Furthermore, the following suggestions for the development of safety resilient cities are proposed:(1) improving legal standards for disaster prevention and control and establishing an efficient emergency response coordination mechanisms; (2) promoting multi-subject collaborative governance to build a new pattern for disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief; (3) strengthening the awareness of disaster risks to build a solid defense line in society; (4) accelerating the construction of disaster prevention and mitigation infrastructure to improve urban fortification; and (5) strengthening the development of technologies and skilled professionals for disaster prevention and mitigation to improve risk governance.
In the context of extreme weather and frequent emergencies, strengthening the integration of resilient cities and smart cities will comprehensively enhance the resilience of cities and promote the modernization, digitalization, standardization, and sustainability of urban management. Smart resilient cities refer to integrating the new-generation information technology and dispatching systems of smart cities in city construction, thus to strengthen cities' full-cycle resilience capacity to cope with major emergencies. This study elaborates the implication and development values of smart resilient cities, and analyses the challenges faced in smart resilient city construction. Moreover, it proposes a framework, ecology, pathways, and assessment indicators for smart resilient city construction, and clarifies the development elements and modes. Furthermore, we propose the following suggestions:(1) increasing public financial investment to upgrade infrastructure construction, (2) establishing sound emergency laws and regulations to improve social governance systems, (3) focusing on intelligent information technology construction to pursue technology-enabled development, and (4) playing a coordinating role of the government to promote multi-dimensional collaboration and governance, thereby driving the construction of smart resilient cities and supporting high-quality urban development.
In recent years, rainstorm chain disasters occurred frequently in megacities in China, seriously threatening people's life and property safety and social stability. Therefore, it is essential to take effective measures to timely break the chain and mitigate the disasters. This study thoroughly analyzes the disaster chain system of rainstorms and studies the trend deduction model of waterlogging disasters and the important role of various deductive simulation results in intercepting the disaster chain. It also proposes a chain breaking idea of combining simulation deduction with comprehensive response and clarifies the response strategies of various emergency bodies in the disaster response in megacities. Moreover, an overall response idea based on the policy of preparation, supervision, simulation, connection, and rescue is proposed. In view of the key problems including multi-department plan coordination, multi-dimensional information aggregation, multi-level accurate warning, and multi-team linked dispatching, we propose the following countermeasures:completing the comprehensive plan system, constructing a monitoring and early warning network, improving simulation and deduction application, strengthening joint response ability, and boosting the accurate rescue ability. Furthermore, development suggestions are proposed from the following aspects:formulation of policies and regulations, compilation of standards, application of intelligent technology, promotion of intelligent early warning and directional release technology, and formation of a new pattern of "national emergency."
The urban underground infrastructure is a vital part of urban construction. In the context of resilient city, sponge city, and urban renewal, the low-carbon, safe, and coordinated development of urban underground infrastructure is crucial for promoting the high-quality development of cities and helping China achieve its carbon reduction goals. This study summarizes the development status and problems of low-carbon development of urban underground infrastructure and proposes carbon development paths and strategies for new and existing urban underground infrastructures. For new urban underground infrastructure, a low-carbon development strategy that considers the whole lifecycle of the infrastructure is proposed from the perspective of the source, consumer, and carbon fixation sides. For existing urban underground infrastructure, a green transformation strategy that features electrification, intelligence, and practicality is proposed alongside with a green expansion principle of harmony in diversity. To further promote the low-carbon development of China's urban underground infrastructure, the following measures are suggested:figuring out the greenhouse gas emission status, improving the top-level design, strengthening the research and development of low-carbon technologies, and promoting policy incentives.
The concept of disaster prevention and mitigation is vital for the safe development of urban underground space. Considering the coexistence of natural and engineering safety risks, the concept needs to be improved for further development of the urban underground space, and it is imperative to follow a disaster-adaptation-oriented concept that emphasizes post-disaster recovery resilience of the urban underground space. This study analyzes the implications and influencing factors of recovery resilience and summarizes the research on recovery resilience from the engineering and non-engineering perspectives. Moreover, the development status of recovery resilience research is analyzed from the aspects of structural system, evaluation method, management mechanism, space planning, and emergency plan. On this basis, a strategy that consists of three stages and an evaluation system is proposed; it categorizes post-disaster recovery into three stages-emergency rescue, recovery, and plan adaptation-and proposes recovery goals for each stage, providing a basis for the establishment of a recovery resilience evaluation system for the urban underground space. Furthermore, we suggest that the management regulations and emergency plans of the urban underground space should be optimized, the resilience planning improved, and intelligent management promoted, thereby realizing the orderliness and high efficiency of urban underground space recovery.
Cities consume a large amount of energies owing to their high population density and centralized economy, and have high concentration of various risks. Energy and transportation are key areas for carbon emission reduction in urban areas and significant components of urban lifeline engineering. Therefore, the integrated development of energy and transportation systems is crucial for the low-carbon and resilient construction of cities. This study first reviews the low-carbon and resilient development status of urban rail transit and energy systems, covering three aspects:low-carbon development of urban rail transit, resilience assessment and improvement, and security protection and risk assessment of energy storage systems. Moreover, the concept of an underground-spacesupported multi-energy-integrated urban rail transit system is proposed, elaborating the operating modes of the system in normal times and extreme conditions. Subsequently, benefits of the proposed system are analyzed from the perspectives of environment, economy, and society, and future research directions and key problems to be solved are introduced. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed:(1) improving the policy mechanism for the multi-energy-integrated urban rail transit system and promoting coordinated governance by multiple departments, (2) constructing a technology innovation system for the system to realize low-carbon, safe, and efficient operation of urban rail transit, and (3) promoting the development of a coordinated management system for urban power grids and rail transit to enhance urban resilience.
Superconducting material is a typical quantum material that features unique zero-resistance and Meissner effects. With the introduction of superconducting materials, numerous disruptive technologies in electric power applications, such as ultra-strong magnetic fields and large-capacity power transmission, can be realized, which makes the fabrication technique of large-current-capacity superconducting materials the frontier field worldwide. This study summarizes the development status of superconducting materials for electric power application as well as their fabrication techniques, and clarifies the development trends of several practical superconducting materials, including low-temperature superconducting materials (e. g., NbTi and Nb3Sn) and high-temperature superconducting materials (e.g., YBCO coated conductors, Bi-2223 tapes, Bi-2212 wires, and MgB2 wires). Considering the problems existing in the development of the superconducting materials for electric power application in China, it is imperative to establish a high-performance superconducting material system that satisfies varied electric power application requirements to achieve the integrated development of superconducting materials and electric power application products and to promote the innovation and industrial scale of these materials and applications. Furthermore, we suggest that the integrated development of production, education, research, and application should be promoted in the national level to upgrade the low-temperature superconducting material industry and achieve breakthroughs in batch production of high-temperature superconducting materials, thereby realizing the rapid development of superconducting materials for electric power application.
Silicon wafers are fundamental materials for semiconductors. China's semiconductor silicon wafers are highly dependent on foreign trade. Enhancing the independent guarantee capability of silicon wafers is significant for improving the overall level of China's semiconductor industry. This study focuses on the market-dominant 8-inch and 12-inch silicon wafers, analyzes the development status of the global semiconductor silicon wafer technologies and industry, and prospects the development trend of the industry. The study specifically focuses on the development status of China's semiconductor silicon wafer industry, and points out that the industry in China is currently facing critical developing opportunities considering the market demand, macro policies, supporting capacities, R&D investment, and other favorable factors; meanwhile, it still faces challenges. Furthermore, the following measures and suggestions are proposed:(1) further strengthening top-level design and macro planning, (2) strengthening policy implementation and sustainability, (3) supporting the coordinated development of the industrial chain, and (4) developing semiconductor silicon wafers for advanced processing of integrated circuits, hoping to provide a reference for the higher-quality development of China's semiconductor silicon wafer industry.
High-purity metal sputtering target is one of the key basic materials for integrated circuits. Self-dependence of the sputtering targets is vital for the high-quality development of the integrated circuit industry in China. This study analyzes the application demand for and development status of high-purity metal sputtering targets for integrated circuits, involving high-purity aluminum and aluminum alloys, high-purity copper and copper alloys, high-purity titanium, high-purity tantalum, high-purity cobalt, high-purity nickel-platinum, and high-purity tungsten and tungsten alloys. Moreover, it summarizes the challenges regarding the key manufacturing technologies and engineering application of high-performance sputtering targets in China and proposes several major development directions based on the development goals of the field by 2030. Specifically, China needs to improve its material processing technologies, focus on the key technologies for high-performance target processing, develop high-end new materials according to frontier demands, and improve the capabilities of material analysis, testing, and application evaluation. Furthermore, the following suggestions are proposed:establishing an industry-education-research-application system, realizing the domestic manufacturing of key equipment, strengthening talent team construction, establishing an independent intellectual property system, and expanding international exchange and cooperation, thereby promoting the development quality and level of high-purity metal sputtering targets.
Aviation-grade aluminum alloy is one of the most important structural materials for aircraft body structure. It is the material basis for developing national defense industry, constructing a modern economic system, and strengthening the manufacturing sector of China. Aluminum alloys with high strength/toughness, high specific strength/modulus, and Sc addition have been developed in the recent decades. At present, research on next-generation alloy design, processing methods, and new alloy research and development paradigm have been drawing attention. The aviation-grade aluminum alloy industry in China has been developing rapidly. Especially in the increasingly complex international and domestic macro situation, development opportunities and challenges coexist. However, deficiencies are becoming increasingly apparent, such as lacking independent innovation capability to support the leadership of aviation-grade aluminum alloy materials, prominent risks of specific materials and equipment, lacking competitiveness in the international market, and the accumulation of test and application data. It is necessary to improve the competitiveness of aviation-grade aluminum alloy materials, develop new materials, cooperate with upstream and downstream research and development, promote the application of new materials, and establish material and application evaluation systems to improve the innovation and development of the aviation-grade aluminum alloy industry in China.
Copper and copper-based materials are widely applied to power electronics, automobile, and mechanical manufacturing as well as to high-tech manufacturing fields such as aeronautics, astronautics, telecommunications, and integrated circuits owing to their comprehensive advantages in mechanical, functional, and processing properties. As China is the greatest producer and consumer of milled copper products in the world, advanced copper-based materials are envisioned with a bright prospect in China owing to a vast Chinese market. Starting from a general description of the macrostructure and status quo of China's copper milling industry, the strengths and weaknesses of material-related development are analyzed. The development status, existing problems, and future development trend of high-strength conductive copper alloy, high-performance electronic copper foils, wear- and corrosion-resistant copper alloys, copper-based thermal management materials, and copper materials for special purposes and new energy in China are emphatically reviewed. Development ideas and suggestions are proposed including laying out frontier directions for major application needs, forming an effective interaction mechanism among production, education, research, and application, and establishing a national industrial and technological development coordination platform for copper-based materials.
Nonferrous biomedical materials have developed rapidly in recent years. A variety of new nonferrous biomedical materials and devices that adapt to different in vivo environments and tissues have been developed. It is of both theoretical and practical values to make research plans to improve the clinical application level of new nonferrous biomedical materials and devices. This study clarifies the key performance requirements of the nonferrous biomedical materials, regarding corrosion resistance, wear resistance, fatigue strength and toughness, and biocompatibility. The research progress, development trend, and scientific issues of nonferrous medical materials for permanent implants, biodegradable nonferrous medical materials, porous nonferrous medical materials, and surface modification of nonferrous medical materials are reviewed. After summarizing the future research directions of various nonferrous biomedical materials, this study proposes the following development suggestions:(1) strengthening basic research and the development of key core technologies, (2) establishing a collaborative innovation community that integrates industry, education, research, medicine, and supervision, (3) formulating relevant standards and evaluation norms, and (4) developing a highly skilled professional training system, thereby providing a guiding reference for developing the new material industry and relevant cutting-edge technologies.
Advanced composite materials exhibit advantages of high specific strength, high specific modulus, and excellent designability. They are widely used in aerospace, rail transit, and other fields, and are strategic resources for industrially developed countries. Ensuring and improving the supply capacity of advanced composite materials and making breakthroughs in the design and forming, processing and assembling, testing and repairing technologies of large and complex composite components are of strategic significance in strengthening China's manufacturing sector. In this study, the current status and trends of precision manufacturing of composite components are analyzed, and the key technologies and equipment for precision manufacturing of composite components, including high-precision numerical control winding, automatic placement, preform forming, additive manufacturing, and high-performance carbon fiber production, are summarized. After specifying the key problems limiting the development of composite manufacturing technologies, we propose the development goals by 2035. Accordingly, suggestions are proposed including establishing national innovation institutions, planning major science and technology projects, enhancing disciplines development and talent fostering, strengthening international communication and collaboration, and focusing on significant scientific innovation and technological breakthroughs, thus to provide high-quality scientific and technological support for national major projects and important model projects.
The design and simulation methods of composite components are vital to the performance and application research of composite materials. Research pertaining to composite component design and simulation systems begins late in China and confronts many risks,including inadequate theoretical levels,lack of independent standards,weak foundation of simulation software,and segregation between design and manufacture. Therefore, the large-scale application of composite components in major equipment can hardly be realized. Considering the problems and challenges, this study analyzes the macro demand for composite component design theory and simulation technique,summarizes the development status and main trends in China and abroad,and proposes the key directions in China:design theory of composite components under extreme and multi-field environment,dynamic analysis and design theory of composite components, data-driven simulation method of composite components, and simulation evaluation method of strength and life of composite components. We suggest that research should be conducted on multi-field and multi-scale design technology of composite components for equipment engineering applications,performance design technology of composite components under dynamic load,data-driven design and simulation technology of composite components,and strength and lifespan simulation software platform of composite components,thereby comprehensively improving the design and engineering application level of composite components in China.
High-end optical elements determine the performance of high-end equipment. Researching the ultra-precision machining technology and equipment for high-end optical elements is crucial for strengthening China's manufacturing industry and satisfying the requirements of the high-end equipment industry. In this study, the ultra-precision machining methods and equipment for optical elements, high-performance basic components, and measurement methods and equipment used in ultra-precision optical machining are analyzed. Five development trends are summarized including extremalization of precision and size, integration of shape and performance, compounding of machining technologies, integration of machining and measurement, and intellectualization of equipment and processes. Through extensive survey and discussions, a technology roadmap for ultra-precision manufacturing of high-end optical elements by 2035 is proposed from the aspects of demand, goals, products, key technologies, application demonstrations, and guarantees. Furthermore, several development suggestions are proposed, including (1) optimizing the innovation system and establishing technical alliances by organizing superior resources, (2) increasing resource guarantees and laying out plans on basic and technical research, (3) strengthening talent cultivation to expand the scale of the multi-level talent team, and (4) building a solid foundation for industrial development and cultivating small-sized leading enterprises.
Electronic detonators not only improve delay accuracy and the flexibility of initiation network design, but also realize the full lifecycle safety control of detonators from production to transportation, storage, and blasting operation. Therefore, electronic detonators are the key development direction of the civil explosive industry. This study summarized the development status of the electronic detonator initiation technology from the aspects of electronic detonators' structure, application scenarios, intelligent level, blasting design theory, and failure mechanism. Our study indicates that electronic detonators will develop toward serialization and standardization, the electronic detonator initiation technology will develop toward more intelligence, the electronic detonator delay design theory will develop toward short delay, and the electronic detonator initiation network will develop toward a large scale. Based on engineering practices, we summarized the technological and application problems of electronic detonators, including frequent occurrence of misfire detonation, disconnection between detonation research and application, limited product types, and a defective standards system. Considering the demand of the civil explosive industry, we proposed the following key research directions:theories of precise delay-controlled blasting, integration of information technology with electronic detonator initiation, series of differentiated electronic detonator products, and standards systems of electronic detonators.
As the navigation design capacity of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba cascade hub has been gradually saturated and the volume of transiting cargo has increased rapidly in the past two decades, it is necessary to adopt advanced information technologies to improve the navigation capacity and promote the high-quality navigation of the Three Gorges. This study aims to investigate the technical system and its engineering application for the high-quality navigation of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba cascade project, and involves the aspects of current situation analysis, technical system construction, implementation results, existing bottlenecks, and follow-up development measures. The study reviews the research status of cascade hubs in China and abroad and explores the major factors affecting the high-quality navigation of the Three Gorges, namely navigation equipment, traffic organization, safety assurance, environmental improvement, and environmental-friendly maintenance. The technical system is also built. The innovative development and practice of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba cascade hub over the past 20 years are summarized from the aspects of intelligent operation, navigation organization, safety assurance, channel capacity, and green navigation. Moreover, the medium- and long-term suggestions are proposed for the intelligent and green navigation of the Gorges-Gezhouba cascade hub focusing on the major bottlenecks. The improvement in the intelligent operation level and efficiency of the Three Gorges-Gezhouba cascade hub can provide a key technical reference for the high-quality navigation construction of large-scale inland river cascade hubs in China.
Light industries are crucial for China's economic and social development, and the high-quality development of these industries is conducive to promoting China's economic and social transformation, improving the quality of residents' lives, and forming a new development pattern in which domestic and international cycles promote each other. In this study, the basic development pattern of the light industries and major problems faced by China's economic transformation and upgrading were analyzed, and the common strategic directions for the development of China's light industries were summarized, including green manufacturing, high-end manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing, and industrial cluster development. Focusing on major light industry categories such as paper-making, leather, plastic processing, and fermentation industries, key engineering issues that urgently require breakthroughs were proposed, and key equipment, components, raw materials and additives, strains, and process technologies were analyzed. We suggest to promote scientific and technological progress through the construction of innovation platforms, improve relevant industrial policies, optimize development environment, and cultivate talents, thereby promoting the high-quality development of the light industries and enhancing international competitiveness.
Agricultural machinery manufacturing industry is an important basis for ensuring food security and boosting agricultural modernization. The service-oriented manufacturing of China's agricultural machinery manufacturing industry is in the embryonic exploration stage, and the servitization level lags behind the international advanced level, resulting in being difficult to meet the needs of the current agricultural production and the high-quality development of the future industry. Based on the current development status of China's agricultural machinery manufacturing industry, this paper deeply analyzes the cases and experiences of three world-famous agricultural machinery manufacturing enterprises' servitization transformation, and on this basis summarizes and refines three types of service-oriented manufacturing modes of agricultural machinery manufacturing industry that are applicable to China's actual conditions. Our research showed that the service-oriented manufacturing modes vary for different scenarios; service capability construction is both object- and organization-oriented; and the service-oriented manufacturing modes of foreign agricultural machinery industry have a strong tendency of being convergent. Therefore, we suggest that industrial cooperation should be strengthened to integrate global advantageous resources, professional service teams should be cultivated to gain differentiated competitive advantages, and innovation in both technology and service should be launched to solve China's agricultural problems.
Water scarcity has been a critical factor that restricts the Yellow River Basin's economic development for decades. Balancing water resources and industrial development is a core strategy for the sustainable water management in the Yellow River Basin; it is also crucial for promoting the synergistic development of society, economy, and environment and for realizing ecological protection and high-quality development of the basin. This study first analyzes the evolution of the "balancing water resources and industrial development" concept and distinguishes the relationship between the concept and water management. Based on the social-economic-natural complex ecosystem theory, we propose a conceptual framework and an implementation roadmap for promoting sustainable water management in the basin. Moreover, we analyze the evolution and the status of the water management system in the Yellow River Basin by reviewing the basin's water governance strategies and management systems. Accordingly, three major challenges in balancing water resources and industrial development in the basin are identified, including planning and coordination of administrative mechanisms, efficiency optimization of human-water interaction, and improvement of data-driven policy-making. Furthermore, we propose several suggestions including strengthening intersectoral coordination in the basin, encouraging participation of multiple social entities to improve the basin governance network, and promoting administrative departments to co-build and share data resources to realize refined and sustainable water management of the basin.
Grassland is the second largest terrestrial ecosystem in China and provides a large variety of ecosystem services to human beings. However, its economic value and the associated realization mechanisms still require in-depth research. Compiling the current literature and using meta-analysis, this study systematically evaluates the economic value of grassland ecosystem services and its temporal and spatial variation in China and worldwide. Moreover, rigorous empirical analysis are conducted on the economic value of three typical ecosystem services. The results show that the economic value of global grassland ecosystem services equals to 21.9 trillion USD (constant price in 2020), equivalent to 16.4% of global GDP in 2020. The economic value of grassland ecosystem services in China is as high as 6.22 trillion CNY (equivalent to 6.13% of GDP or 80% of agricultural GDP of China in 2020), mostly provided in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Qinghai. Among them, 84% comes from ecological regulation services. These economic values also increase as the economy develops. The empirical analysis of typical ecosystem services show that the potential economic value of grassland eco-products, eco-tourism, and wind-break and sand-fixation are higher than those reported in the current literature. However, realizing these economic values provided by grassland ecosystem faces many challenges. Furthermore, this study provides policy implications on the development strategies, key engineering projects, and policy measures to improve and realize the economic value of grassland ecosystem services in China.