The period before 2035 is critical for China to realize socialist modernization. The high-quality development of its energy industry must consider basic national conditions and development stages. Moreover, promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of the energy industry while guaranteeing a stable energy supply is the prerequisite for ensuring the sustainable economic and social development. This study summarized the current status of China's energy development from six aspects: energy capacity, energy structure, comprehensive energy efficiency, energy science and technology, system and mechanism, and energy security. The key issues of energy development were analyzed, focusing on the role of coal for guaranteeing energy security, replacement of traditional energies with renewable energies for incremental energy consumption, sustainable supply of oil and gas, independent development of nuclear power, and large-scale development of the hydrogen energy industry. Four stages were proposed for the energy revolution and carbon reduction in China by 2035. Furthermore, we suggest that energy conservation should be prioritized in all aspects, clean and efficient use of coal should be promoted, renewable energies should be the major source of future energy increment, and low-carbon transformation should be accelerated to create an energy system that features multi-energy complementation.
China is the world's largest energy consumer and carbon emitter. Its coal-dominated energy structure and heavy industries bring considerable challenges for achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and for realizing high-quality energy development; this necessitates research on energy transition pathways. Herein, the study reviews the current status of China's energy development and predicts the medium- and long-term energy demand and energy transition trends in the country. Our results indicate that the total primary energy demand of China will reach 5.56 × 109 to 5.96 × 109 tons of standard coal in 2035. The CO2emission intensity per unit of GDP in 2035 will decrease by 77.6% - 81.5% compared with that in 2005. Energy-related CO2 emissions will peak during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Improving energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy application, promoting the carbon capture, storage and utilization technology, and developing hydrogen energy and renewable synthetic fuels are the major technical measures for reducing energy-related CO2 emissions. Moreover, technological innovation is the core driving force for promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of key areas in China. Furthermore, suggestions are proposed from the aspects of energy conservation, renewable energy development, technological innovation, and coordination of the legal system, technologies, and the market.
Energy is the lifeblood of the national economy. At present, China's energy development situation is severe, and its external dependence on crude oil and natural gas is relatively high. Considering the national conditions of coal, strengthening the clean and efficient utilization of coal is strategically significant; specifically, the clean and efficient coal transformation is an important approach. This study summarized the status quo of clean and efficient coal transformation, and analyzed the high-end, diversified, low-carbon, and intelligent development trend of the industry as well as the technology development trends that include coal transformation to clean fuels, coal transformation to bulk and special chemicals, and pollutant control in coal transformation. Moreover, the study analyzed the development challenges regarding water resources, carbon emissions, product competitiveness, and supporting policies, and proposed a development idea that is led by planning, demonstration, and innovation. The research suggests that the strategic position of clean and efficient coal transformation in the energy system should be clarified, the national coal-to-oil-and-gas strategic reserve mechanism should be established, financial credit and energy statistics policy support should be strengthened, and the scientific and technological innovation ability should be improved by building research and development platforms.
As the reconstruction of global industrial chain and energy supply chain accelerates and variables in China's energy supply security increase, it becomes inevitable for China to maximize the guarantee function of coal. Considering the characteristics of the accelerated reconstruction of the two chains, this study analyzes the impacts of the reconstruction on China's energy sector: large fluctuation of energy demand structure, restricted local production capacity, increased import risks, and increased pressure on low-carbon transition. A fluctuation prediction model is established to predict the fluctuation range of coal demand considering these scenarios: fluctuation of fossil energy imports, output fluctuation of renewable energies, and consistent growth of energy consumption. The results indicate that coal demand will fluctuate by ±14.1% in 2025, ±16.5% in 2030, and ±18.2% in 2035, respectively. Therefore, we propose that a coal technology innovation chain should be constructed by extending and improving the coal industrial and supply chains. Moreover, future key tasks should include intelligent construction of coal mines, green development and clean transformation of coal, research and development of carbon sequestration and utilization technology in coal mine areas, and collaborative development of coal and new energies. To promote the long-term high-quality development of the coal industry in China, it is necessary to encourage the fine exploration of coal resources, strengthen the construction of coal reserves and emergency transportation capacities, improve the flexible supply of coal, enhance the support capacity for coal-to-oil and coal-to-gas production, and formulate support policies for coal industry development.
Northwest China is rich in energy resources. However, problems such as low energy efficiency and energy structure mismatch remain. Assessing the energy development level and designing energy development paths are crucial for ensuring energy security and promoting energy development quality in Northwest China. This study analyzed the characteristics of energy production and consumption in Northwest China and clarified the prominent problems in energy development. The gray forecasting and multiple regression methods were used to forecast the energy development level from 2023 to 2030, and the energy development path in Northwest China was designed accordingly. Our results show that in Northwest China, the energy structure has been continuously optimized in recent years, and the production and consumption of renewable energies continued to rise; however, the production and consumption of renewable energies was still far lower than that of traditional energies. In addition, the impact of economic, industrial, and technological issues on energy development is significant. To promote the green renewal and development through energy transition, this study proposed to focus on the integration of traditional and new energies, adopt development methods such as supply revolution, consumption revolution, technological revolution, institutional revolution, exchange and cooperation, and implement an energy development action plan using a multi-subject collaborative approach.
Vigorously developing new energy is vital for China to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and to accelerate the green and low-carbon transformation of its energy structure. This study first investigates the current status and trend of China's new energy development and then prospects grid integration scenarios for a high proportion of new energies in China in the medium (2030) and long term (2060). The challenges faced by the grid integration are analyzed, including coexistence of high-efficiency consumption and energy guarantee problems, increasing difficulty in safe and stable operation, and an unsuitable power market mechanism. Moreover, a key technology system is proposed from the perspectives of source side, grid side, load side, as well as energy storage and basic support. To achieve long-term steady development of the gird integration and operation for the high-proportioned new energy, we propose to strengthen coordinated planning to promote flexibility, make breakthroughs in key technologies, establish an interim mechanism between new energy policies and the power market, and improve the design of the power market to adapt to new energy consumption scenarios. This study could provide a basic reference for the research on power system planning and electric technologies.
Under the guidance of the carbon neutrality goal, energy production and consumption modes of China are shifting to be green and low-carbon, and the hydrogen energy supply system will be reshaped based on green hydrogen. Green hydrogen will become an important component of China's new energy supply and consumption system. Strengthening the construction of a green-hydrogen supply system is conducive to the transformation of China's energy production and consumption modes. This study explored the significant values for constructing the green-hydrogen supply system and analyzed the challenges faced by the construction, including (1) spatial mismatch between green hydrogen supply and demand, (2) temporal mismatch between green hydrogen production and consumption, and (3) mismatch between the green-hydrogen supply system and existing systems, mechanisms, and standards. To support the construction of the green-hydrogen supply system, key research directions include key basic issues of hydrogen storage and transportation, hydrogen storage and transportation technologies and equipment, and safety testing technologies of hydrogen storage and transportation equipment, thereby realizing the high-quality development of hydrogen storage and transportation. Moreover, the study proposed the integrated development of hydrogen energy and electrical power to construct the green-hydrogen supply system of China. Hydrogen storage and transportation is a key link that connects water-electrolytic hydrogen production and hydrogen consumption and is crucial for adjusting the spatial and temporal mismatch of green hydrogen supply and demand and for realizing flexible supply of green hydrogen. Therefore, we suggest that China should focus on top-level design and overall planning, improve infrastructures to address the spatial and temporal mismatches, conduct pilot demonstration to drive technological innovation, and improve the systems and mechanisms to optimize the development environment.
The food nutrition and health industry is an important component of the Healthy China strategy in the context of dual circulation. This study summarized the development trend of the industry and analyzed the challenges faced by the industry under the new circumstance. According to the overall strategic layout and planning of China, breakthrough paths were proposed, including establishing a food technology system based on Chinese resident health information in the context of domestic circulation, promoting domestic and international circulation through industrial diversification, and improving global influence of the industry by exploiting both the domestic and international markets and resources. Furthermore, we proposed several suggestions. China should focus on the input of innovative resources in the food nutrition and health field to prompt high-quality achievements; strengthen policy support and guidance to promote the international competitiveness of enterprises; improve the industry-university-research collaboration system to promote the transformation of achievements; strengthen talent training to provide professional support; optimize the industry supervision system to create a healthy market environment; and promote education and publicity regarding food nutrition and health to improve citizens' health literacy.
Food-medicines are a significant component for traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese cuisine culture, and the Healthy China initiative. Herein, we summarized the opportunities, development status, problems, and countermeasures for the food-medicine industry in China by using literature analysis, data mining, and expert consultation. Our research indicates that food-medicines have potential values in preventing and treating chronic diseases as well as delaying aging, and they are expected to become a daily material basis for disease prevention. Moreover, food-medicines are crucial for promoting the domestic and international economic cycles and supporting rural revitalization. Furthermore, we suggest that China should (1) increase its investment in research on foodmedicines to protect people's health; (2) improve the regulation system to strengthen supervision and establish regulation and quality standards systems that accord with Chinese conditions; and (3) enhance international communication and trade to facilitate the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative and the establishment of a global community of health for all.
This study aims to explore approaches to integrating multiple stakeholders to participate jointly in public food safety emergency management. We analyzed the evolution and characteristics of organizational models of public food safety emergency management in China and revealed the organizational crux thereof, that is, the deficient bureaucratic model caused by fragmented management. This causes an internal bureaucratic dilemma for government supervision and triggers organizational problems in terms of environmental adaptability, plan operability, information transmission, multi-sector governance, and policy dependence of decision-making and execution. Furthermore, we proposed a three-system-integrated organizational mode and analyzed its operation mechanism from the aspects of organizational structure as well as planning, information, decision-making, and support mechanisms. The three-system-integrated model is the evolution direction for China's public food safety emergency management and will play an active role in encouraging the effective participation of diverse social subjects in social co-governance of food safety risks.
The occurrence of emerging environmental pollutants brings new challenges to food safety in China, which needs to be systematically researched. This study focused on the distribution, hazard characteristics, and sources of antibiotics, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and microplastics (MPs) in major foods such as vegetables, fruits, grains, meat, aquatic products, eggs, and milk. It was found that fluoroquinolones showed a high detection rate in aquatic products, vegetables, and milk. Fluoroquinolones were mainly derived from the use of agricultural and veterinary drugs. Bisphenol A (one of phenolic EDCs) was frequently detected in canned food and aquatic products, and nonylphenol was mostly detected in aquatic products. Both EDCs were mainly from food packages. PFCs possessed a high detection rate in aquatic products, livestock meat, poultry meat, and eggs. PFCs were mainly from wastewater treatment plants and food packages. MPs showed a very high detection rate in aquatic products, which were mainly imported by contaminated environmental media. Ingestion of environmental emerging pollutants through food may lead to disease risk of human. Thus, it is recommended to monitor more types of emerging environmental pollutants in the scope of food safety, systematically plan the scientific rules of usage of the chemicals, and formulate a multi-departmental joint management and control mechanism to better cope with the issue of food safety caused by emerging environmental pollutants and effectively ensure food safety.
Establishing a medical materials reserve system that integrates normal time with emergencies is crucial for promoting the medical materials support ability and improving the emergency management system in China in case of public health emergencies. This study summarizes the development status of China's medical materials reserve system and analyzes its problems from three aspects: institutional development, supply capacity, and coordination mechanism. Moreover, it expounds on the necessity and urgency for building a medical materials reserve system that integrates normal time and emergencies and proposes a construction plan from three aspects: basic concept, framework, and operation mechanism. Furthermore, we suggest that China should improve its medical materials reserve policies and institutions, optimize the medical materials reserve system, perfect the operation mechanism, and establish a medical materials reserve information sharing platform.
Nuclear medicine plays an irreplaceable role in the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of various diseases. Radiopharmaceuticals are the cornerstone of nuclear medicine; their systematic development could accelerate the innovation and clinical application of radiopharmaceuticals to ensure people's health. In this study, we conducted in-depth research on the literature on the research direction of radiopharmaceuticals, visited over 10 domestic universities, institutes, hospitals, and enterprises related to nuclear medicine, and invited experts to conduct consultation, exchange, and industry discussion, to grasp the development trend and pattern of the research and application of radiopharmaceuticals in a relatively comprehensive way. Based on the analysis of the current status, technical level, and trend of radiopharmaceuticals in China and abroad, the development status of radiopharmaceuticals in China is summarized and the urgent problems faced are identified. This study introduces the contents that need to be focused on from two aspects: the technology research and development (R&D) system and the technology supervision system, and proposes key technological breakthroughs including the study on radiopharmaceutical targets and development of targeted structures; new radio-labelling; automatic, intelligent, and large-scale controllable preparation of radiopharmaceuticals; detection and evaluation of radiation dose of radiopharmaceuticals; and combined diagnosis and therapy of radiopharmaceuticals. The study suggests to (1) encourage the innovative development of interdisciplinary integration with a clinical orientation; (2) accelerate the construction of a technological innovation system for radiopharmaceuticals; and (3) strengthen the construction of a professional team for the R&D of radioactive drugs, so as to promote the overall improvement of nuclear medicine.
Cancer is a serious threat to human life and health. Along with the development of medical informatization in China, healthcare institutions have cumulated a great quantity of clinical data in oncology; however, these data have not been fully explored owing to the disunity of data standards and great difficulties in data management. Hence, establishing a national clinical big data management system for oncology based on artificial intelligence could potentially promote the application of clinical data in oncology, further improving the quality and efficiency of clinical management for oncology. This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the problems and challenges of clinical data management and application for oncology and presented the significant values of an oncology clinical data management system. Considering the complexity of multi-source and multi-modal data in oncology, we explored the possible mechanisms and pathways of applying artificial intelligence to the management and research of clinical data for oncology. Furthermore, a full-circle solution was designed, and the construction framework and technology systems were promoted for the clinical data management system for oncology, including the development of common data models for oncology, data collection and security management, data standardization and structuring, data analysis and application, and data quality control. Besides, we validated the feasibility and benefits of the promoted system in clinical practice by taking the clinical data management for lung cancer in a tertiary hospital as an example. Finally, we proposed some suggestions on the research directions of the clinical big data management system for oncology.
Traffic congestion and environmental pollution restrain the high-quality development of cities and the improvement of residents' living quality. A transit-oriented-development (TOD) model that integrates transportation with land use is key to solving the abovementioned problems. This study uses mechanism analysis to investigate the relationship between transportation and land use, analyzes the differences between TOD and conventional models regarding land use patterns and population distribution, and investigates the population distribution characteristics of the TOD model and its coupling relationship with transportation. Moreover, the current status and problems of TOD in China are analyzed through case study, indicating that the implications, development goals, and paths of TOD models vary for different scenarios. Additionally, a reasonable urban spatial structure is proposed comprising urban spatial structures at three levels: urban agglomerations, metropolitan and downtown areas, and rail transit stations and their surrounding areas. The basic ideas, planning and design principles, and implementation paths for the deep integration of the proposed structure with transportation are explored. Furthermore, we suggest that measures should be taken in terms of management planning, laws and policies, standards and specifications, benefit distribution, planning approval, incentive mechanism, and public participation, thereby providing support for TOD model application and for improving urban construction.
The central area of a megacity, which features high-intensity development, large population density, and concentrated urban functions, demonstrates the most prominent urban problems. Addressing the urban malaise in megacities necessitates analyzing and demonstrating the reasonable scale of the megacity central area. This study proposes that commuting time is the core controlling factor determining the reasonable scale of the megacity central area. Combining with point of interest data of multi-type land use and the geographic information system data for street administrative division, we identified the current central urban areas of ten cities in China using big data analysis and the clustering method; their current traffic efficiencies were then evaluated based on path navigation data via web maps and mobile phone signaling data verification. Finally, demonstration results were presented through quantitative analysis. Our study shows that the current central areas of the ten megacities cannot satisfy residents' need for a proper commuting time; considering factors such as technological development and improvement in the level of governance, 13 - 15 km is the upper limit of equivalent radius for the central area of a megacity.
Ecological civilization construction is a major national development strategy. Studying the empirical modes and promotion strategies of ecological civilization construction in economically developed regions is vital for leading the construction across the country. This study used the Pearl River Delta region as an example, summarized the achievements from the aspects of ecological space pattern, ecological environment quality, ecological civilization system, and coordinated economic and environmental development, and explored the innovative models of regional ecological civilization construction. Considering the major challenges, we proposed the development goals and paths for regional ecological civilization construction, thus to provide a basic reference for the ecological civilization construction in economically developed regions in China. We proposed the following six strategic suggestions: (1) enhancing the protection and restoration capabilities of national land space; (2) promoting the Pearl River Delta region to take the lead in achieving carbon emission peak; (3) encouraging technological innovation to guide the green, low-carbon, and high-quality development; (4) improving air, land, and water environment; (5) creating a new fashion for ecological civilization; and (6) accelerating the innovation of ecological civilization systems.
Strategical research on the refined regulations for regional air quality with climate synergy is essential for continuously improving the air quality, creating a coordinated multi-pollutants reduction path, and promoting sustainable development in China. This study analyzed the evolution characteristics of regional air pollution, the multi-pollutant interaction mechanisms, and the effectiveness of air pollution prevention and control strategies and technologies. Multi-perspective analysis and integrated research were conducted to clarify the non-linear relationship among multiple pollutants and formulate a technology system for refined regional regulation. The interaction between climate change and air pollution was explored as well. By summarizing the current technical routes for air pollution and control, the medium- and long-term air quality improvement strategies and roadmaps were proposed. Considering the current situation of air pollution in China, the regulation on atmospheric oxidation is the core for the coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously promote emission reduction of primary pollutants and conduct refined and coordinated reduction of VOCs and NOx emissions considering specific climate and meteorological conditions. Additionally, coordinated emission reduction of multiple types of pollutants can be realized through adjustment of energy, transportation, industry, and landuse structures as well as low-carbon transformation, thereby synchronously reducing the PM2.5 and O3 concentrations.
Deep learning has enhanced the versatility of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. In the last decade, the AI industry has been spawned and developing rapidly. However, practice shows that the application of AI technology and algorithms in the industrial field faces huge challenges. Approaches need to be explored for enterprises to properly use AI and for the academia and industry to effectively collaborate to facilitate algorithm application. The study focuses on the sustainable development of China's AI industry, and presents several practical cases of AI application, through which we analyze the current status, challenges, and their root causes pertaining to industrial application of AI and propose corresponding suggestions. The complexity of AI application for enterprises involves multiple dimensions, including business requirements, data, algorithms, infrastructure, and supporting systems. The maturity of AI application depends on the degree of data preparation and the level of data governance. At the national level, a friendly ecology for AI application should be built to promote the coordinated development of the entire industry chain, and specific measures should be taken to support the research and development of AI technologies that focus on full-stack AI, AI basic platform and tool system, and AI root technology, thus to improve the independence of China's AI core technologies. Moreover, enterprises should be encouraged to actively participate in digital transformation and intelligent upgrading using AI technologies, thereby forming a strong coupling and a two-way cycle between research and application of AI technologies.
The heavy-duty gas turbine industry is key to national energy security. Guided by major national projects and driven by the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, strategic research on heavy-duty gas turbines are urgently required in China. In this study, we summarize the international experience in the development of heavy-duty gas turbine technology, products, and industries, and analyze the prominent problems that restrained the high-quality development of the industry in China considering its research progress. The technical development directions of heavy-duty gas turbines include advanced materials and intelligent manufacturing; flexible, low-pollution fuel consumption; high-efficiency aerodynamics and advanced cooling; intelligent measurement, control, operation, and maintenance of systems; and new high-efficiency power generation systems. Furthermore, focusing on the development goals by 2050, key measures for the development and reform of the gas turbine industry were proposed from the aspects of policies and regulations, operating mechanisms, industry systems, and enterprise reforms, thereby providing support for the country to formulate medium- and long-term development plans for its energy and power sectors.
The vibration waves induced by marine power and gearing systems travel to the hull structure through various supporting bases, which is one of the important factors that cause ship vibration and underwater sound radiation and also directly affects the acoustic performance of ships and ocean acoustic environment. First, a comprehensive review on the theoretical research and engineering application of the vibration control technologies for marine power and gearing systems is presented, and the state of the art of the vibration control technologies is introduced from the perspectives of dynamic optimal design, vibration source control, passive and active control. Next, the technologies that need to be developed, such as the low-frequency active/passive vibration isolation for power flow control, adaptive system and broadband vibration control, metamaterial/metastructure-based vibration and noise control, and intelligent vibration sensing and control for sound radiation, are proposed. The challenges of vibration control technologies for marine power and gearing systems are analyzed subsequently, and countermeasures are further proposed. To promote the vibration control technologies for marine power and gearing systems in China, research on the vibration control theories need to be strengthened and the research and application of key technologies needs to be accelerated. Furthermore, the development of various active vibration control devices and the related technical standards system should be encouraged and established. National research platforms and talent training bases should be consolidated and the integration of industry, research institutes, universities and customers should be promoted.