There are abundant mineral resources at the seafloor. These resources have rich varieties, vast reserves, high grade, and great development and utilization prospects. Countries in the world are accelerating the development of deep-sea mining equipment nowadays. This study analyzes the development status of the deep-sea mining equipment in China and abroad and investigates the deficiencies in technologies and equipment in China from the perspectives of fundamental scientific research, key technology development, and sea trial verification. Moreover, it summarizes the key scientific and technological issues to be resolved, and proposes the developing trends of deep-sea heavy operation equipment, ore transport equipment, and sea surface support vessels. We propose that deep-sea mining should adhere to the concepts of heavy equipment, collaboration, intelligence, and green development, and key technology innovation and independent research and development of the mining equipment should be promoted. Demonstration projects should be constructed for deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining to accelerate the development of deep-sea mining technologies and equipment, so as to realize large-scale sea trials, conduct system design for long-term operation, and promote commercial seabed mining.
Marine transportation equipment is the basic support to build a strong marine country. To promote the marine, manufacturing, and transportation sectors, China needs to accelerate the technological innovation and high-quality industrial development of marine transportation equipment. This study aims at the future development of China’s marine transportation equipment technology and industry. First, the demands of marine transportation equipment were proposed for future markets, marine scientific research, marine resource development, and green intelligent technology. Then the technology and industry status of the world’s marine transportation equipment were analyzed from the aspects of higher education, scientific research, general design and assembly, information and communication equipment, as well as power and electromechanical equipment. Meanwhile, the world’s advanced technologies of marine transportation equipment were summarized. Next, the technological capabilities and industrial status of China’s marine transportation equipment were investigated, and the main problems were analyzed. Based on the above research, five key technical suggestions were put forward, such as polar navigation ship technology, ship intelligent manufacturing technology, and ship optimization and energy saving technology. And advices of setting up major projects were put forward, including intelligent ship engineering project, project of super eco-environment protection ships, and project for ship lifecycle operation and maintenance. At last, countermeasures and suggestions for the future development of China’s marine transportation equipment were proposed, in terms of top-level design, policy guidance, capital investment, collaborative innovation, talent construction, and international cooperation. The research results of this study can provide a reference for the future technical research of China’s shipbuilding authorities and relevant institutions.
Establishing an underwater stereoscopic observation network to obtain scientific, real-time, and comprehensive data is an important direction for understanding and exploiting the ocean in the future. This study first analyzes the need and necessity of developing the underwater stereoscopic observation equipment, then introduces the development status of the equipment in China and abroad, further analyzes the problems faced by China’s field development, and presents the key breakthrough points of marine sensors which serve as the key link for underwater observation. China has made great progress in technologies regarding marine observation platforms, but it still lags behind the world advanced level in key marine sensors and high-precision sensors. The big data obtained from ocean observation does not match the actual demand, and the ocean sensors lack the support from an improved platform. To guide the long-term development of related fields, we suggest that China should support the efficient transformation of research results of key marine sensors, coordinate the management of the marine equipment for underwater stereoscopic observation, and establish a national public test platform for offshore instruments and equipment.
Unmanned submersibles are important for deep sea exploration; they have become a key development direction for marine equipment worldwide. This study aims to propose a technical system layout for the autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) development in China by 2035. To this end, we first systematically summarized the current progress made worldwide regarding AUVs in terms of development plans, research, and application, and analyzed the technical trends and prospects of AUVs by 2035. Subsequently, we introduced the development status of AUVs in China and explored the challenges faced by it regarding top-level planning, equipment development, and industrialization process. Conclusively, China should identify materials and reliability as its basic research directions for AUVs and focus its efforts on breakthroughs in key technologies including perception, communication/navigation, energy, autonomous navigation, and cooperative operation. Furthermore, we proposed a preliminary plan for major scientific and technological projects that aim to promote the pedigree and localization of AUVs in China, and offered some policy suggestions for the high-quality development of the industry in China from the aspects of top-level planning, industry coordination, policy guidance, and personnel training.
Natural gas hydrate, especially marine natural gas hydrate, is a new clean unconventional energy which is expected to replace the traditional fossil energies. The global reserve for the natural gas hydrate is rich; but its exploitation is still in the research stage, and the commercial and large-scale exploitation faces many challenges regarding technology and equipment. Aimed at the existing hydrate exploitation methods, this study analyzes the key technologies and processes involved in two trial production modes (i.e., depressurization and solid-state fluidization) that were adopted in the pilot production projects of offshore natural gas in Japan and China, summarizes the development status of relevant technology and equipment in China and abroad, and proposes some development suggestions for marine gas hydrate exploitation suitable for the reservoir and equipment technology in China. We found that China lags behind other countries in the fields of general key technologies and equipment for hydrate, oil gas, and subsea metal mining, represented by deep-sea mining vehicles and dual-gradient drilling technology for the loose shallow layer. In the field of special key technologies and equipment, represented by sand control technology and equipment, pre-inclined directional drilling technology for shallow hydrate mining, and combined production of hydrate, free gas, and conventional natural gas, China’s comprehensive level is equivalent to the international advanced level, but it still cannot satisfy the requirements for commercial mining. The development of exploitation technologies and equipment for marine natural gas hydrates in China is expected to enter a leading stage in 2035, and an engineering equipment system for commercial development is expected to be established by then. To this end, we suggest that a research and development plan for marine natural gas hydrate exploitation technology and equipment should be formulated at the national level, so as to promote the commercial development of hydrates, and the research and application of special and general technologies and equipment for offshore non-diagenetic hydrate exploitation should be accelerated.
China has made achievements in offshore drilling equipment, and it can now develop the shallow-water drilling rigs independently. However, as far as deep-water drilling equipment is concerned, there still exists a big gap between China and the international advanced level, which inevitably hinders the deep-water oilfield development in the country. To accelerate the development of China’s offshore drilling equipment, this study first analyzes the development status of the equipment in China and abroad from three aspects: shallow-water drilling machine, deep-water drilling machine, and new-type marine drilling machine; it then summarizes the development status in China and the gap between China and the international advanced level. Subsequently, it studies the key technologies for realizing the localization of the deep-water drilling equipment, and proposes corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. We propose that China should focus its efforts on making breakthroughs in the design, materials, technology, inspection, and sea test of the deep-water drilling rigs. To clarify the development path of the offshore drilling equipment, China should establish and improve the standards and specifications regarding offshore drilling rigs; develop different types of deep-water drilling equipment at different stages and by different levels; establish an integrated testing platform and a sea test base; strengthen inter-industry cooperation; develop this sector in an innovation-driven mode; and promote diversified, serial, automated, and intelligent development.
Equipment for marine rights protection is important for protecting national marine security and rights. Considering the varying marine security situations and the rapid development of intelligent technology, unmanned equipment has demonstrated unique advantages in dealing with complicated marine rights protection scenarios, which makes it one of the key means to improve China’s marine security capability. This study first explores the strategic demands for marine rights protection; then it analyzes the current development status and trends of the marine rights protection equipment in China, and summarizes several existing issues that should be addressed in the near future. Moreover, we propose the development goals, important tasks, and key techniques for developing unmanned equipment for marine rights protection in China. To promote marine power, China should perfect its equipment system for marine rights protection using the unmanned equipment, and make breakthroughs in key technologies by combing unmanned technologies for military and civil uses.
The deep sea contains treasures that are far from being recognized and exploited. However, as the new focus of human activities and territory, the deep sea confronts more serious problems and challenges regarding environmental and ecological protection compared with the land and inshore areas. To ensure the coordinated development between deep-sea resource exploitation and environmental protection, this study first introduces the different types of equipment related to environmental and ecological protection in the deep sea, and summarizes the historical and current situations of and challenges faced by this equipment in the international and domestic scope. Additionally, deep-sea equipment related to environmental and ecological protection are introduced from the aspects of in situ detection, sampling, experimental simulation on land, and long-period observation. China lags behind in terms of highprecision deep sea sensor technology and lacks general matching technology for deep sea exploration equipment. Large-scale deep sea environment simulation equipment needs to be improved urgently in China. Moreover, long-period in situ experimental ability related with manned submersibles should be improved. Finally, development strategies and suggestions are proposed from the aspects of innovation capability, top-level design, talents cultivation, and international cooperation.
The extreme environment in the deep sea gave birth to the largest ecosystem in the world that is far from known. The deepsea environment possesses a huge amount of biological resources with special functions. Exploitation equipment plays an important role in promoting the green, safe, and orderly development of the deep-sea biological resources. To clarify the characteristics and technical challenges of the equipment for deep-sea biological resources exploitation and explore its development directions and focus, we investigate the technical requirements of deep-sea biological resources exploitation, introduce the current status of the deep-sea biological resource exploitation equipment, and analyzes the challenges faced in the development of these equipment. To overcome the difficulties such as lack of unified standards, shortage of testing platforms, and deficiency in technology transformation, we propose several suggestions from the perspective of innovation system, general technology, transformation platform, and international cooperation, hoping to contribute to the sustainable development of the deep-sea biological resources from the equipment development perspective.
Marine scientific equipment is an essential tool for better understanding oceans, and it is also the foundation for exploiting and protecting oceans. This study analyzes the urgent requirements for developing highly efficient marine scientific equipment in China from four aspects, including understanding oceans, exploring oceans, protecting oceans, and maintaining ocean rights and interests. In addition, it provides reviews on the state-of-the-art techniques associated with the marine scientific observation platforms, namely air–sea interface observation platform, mobile underwater observation platform, and seafloor observation network system, in the countries that are believed to lead the field, and the development trends associated therewith are then identified. The remarkable achievements obtained in marine scientific equipment in China are presented such as the marine remote-sensing satellites, marine research ships, deep-diving submersibles, and seafloor observation networks. By comparing to the international advanced level, the issues China encountered in the general technologies, core equipment, and integrated system of marine scientific equipment are given. Several key development suggestions associated with the marine scientific equipment development in China are provided in terms of basic theories and key technologies, novel equipment development and achievement conversion, sharing mechanism and service platform, as well as international cooperation and standard system establishment, enabling the marine scientific equipment to better serve the implementation of the national marine power strategy.
The polar regions are now becoming strategically important. The exploitation of polar resources is becoming the focus of international community’s attention. Polar equipment is the guarantee for humans to scientifically understand and sustainably exploit the polar resources; they primarily include equipment for scientific observation, navigation, and oil and gas exploitation in the polar regions. This study first summarizes the development of polar equipment in various countries, and the development status and problems of the polar equipment in China. Then, it analyzes the development trend and key technologies of polar equipment. China does not possess sufficient polar scientific equipment and its under-ice observation capacity is not strong. China also lacks the capacities for building polar vessels and the research and design capacities for polar resource development equipment. To promote the development of polar equipment by 2035, China should promote the Arctic environment observation, communication, and navigation technologies, make breakthroughs in key technologies regarding polar vessels, and develop key equipment for polar resource exploration, hoping to support the commercial development of the polar summer routes for the second half of the 21st century.
Environmental pollution caused by shipping has attracted great attention from the international community in the recent years. International conventions and related documents regulating environmental pollution and reducing emissions from ships have been promulgated in succession, and the standards and regulations have become increasingly stringent. Green ships have become an inevitable trend for shipbuilding and shipping industries. This study first analyzes the initial International Maritime Organization strategy on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships, then introduces the development status of green ships in Norway, Japan, and the United Kingdom. We summarize the advantages of these countries in terms of policy guidance, technical direction, and international cooperation, and propose some suggestions while considering the development status of green ships in China. China should strengthen government leadership to formulate green ship development plans at the national and industrial levels, make technical breakthroughs to accelerate the market application of alternative fuels for ships; and encourage international cooperation while enhancing core competitiveness.
The development of financial openness, inclusive finance, and financial technologies in China is transforming and upgrading its financial retail payment industry from high-speed to high-quality growth; consequently, the risks for financial retail payment currently present a more complex and severe situation. The COVID-19 epidemic has changed people’s consumption and payment habits and raised new topics on risk control of financial retail payment. This study explores the demand for risk control of financial retail payment in China by analyzing the new characteristics of financial retail payment and the deficiencies in the risk control. It then summarizes the current status of the risk control and the major challenges from seven aspects: compliance performance, account management, transaction monitoring, credit evaluation, data security, identity verification, and technical risks. We conclude that the establishment and improvement of a comprehensive risk management system and an intelligent risk control system that match the complex and severe situation is the key to financial retail payment risk control. Furthermore, we propose several countermeasures specifically from five aspects: data sharing, intelligent model, system design, management system, and talent training.
Since financial security is an important part of national security, controlling financial risks is the fundamental task for financial management. To help banks accelerate the establishment of risk control platforms in the era of digital economy, this study proposes an overall framework of an intelligent risk control platform with “five layers and two domains” based on the key technologies of big data. Specifically, the framework vertically consists of a risk data layer, a feature computing layer, a risk model layer, a decision engine layer, and a business access layer and all these layers are loosely coupled, stateless, and extensible. Horizontally, the framwork can be divided into a production deployment domain and a business operation domain, which considers both the stability of system operation and flexibility of business application. This design is helpful for commercial banks to realize the unified governance and management of risk data. While ensuring the efficient and stable operation of the risk control platform, it can also provide sufficient support for risk control experts in risk control operation, data analysis, model design, and rule adjustment. Finally, using the intelligent risk control platform deployed by a financial institution as an example, this study expounds the application situation and practical effect of the platform and provides some suggestions.
To manage the constantly changing network status information of the information-centric Internet of Things (IC-IoT), this study proposes a node status monitoring program for the IC-IoT. It first proposes a new management information base structure for recording various network node status information, and adopts the naming format of information-centric networking (ICN), centering on the content of the network node status. In this architecture, we combine the trace route method and adaptive data placement strategy according to the importance of the data block, to obtain the required network status information and improve the retrieval efficiency. At the same time, this scheme designs a security protection mechanism to achieve the purpose of ensuring data confidentiality and access control for management users. Finally, through the establishment of a network simulation test environment, time delay brought by the above-mentioned trace routing mechanism, adaptive data placement strategy, and access control security protection is evaluated. The simulation results show that this scheme can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition. The access control model provides data confidentiality and other security functions for the solution, while only brings a small amount of computational cost.
The information-centric network (ICN) provides network protocols oriented to information itself, including a content-centric subscription mechanism and semantic-led naming, routing, and caching strategies. It has shown great potential in solving attacks on current IP address based network. This paper aims to propose a smart firewall model for ICN, and to build a firewall based on a semantic inference algorithm to isolate content. The ICN firewall module uses the fog computing paradigm to sense content threats from ICN, and generates customized filtering strategies for different contents. On the basis of analyzing the types of ICN attacks and the development of the fog computing architecture in ICN, this article introduces the fog-based ICN firewall model from three aspects: the overall structure of content defense, the host-oriented defense fog model, and the network-oriented defense fog model. This article also proposes an ICN-oriented detection and defense mechanism in order to alleviate the interest flooding attacks. Finally, by building the ndnSIM network simulation platform, this article evaluates the ICN cache hit rate and network communication delay, and verifies the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed fog computing-based ICN firewall module and defense algorithm.
Over the past few years, China has seized a historical opportunity to expedite the development of intelligent manufacturing driven by a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. However, the overall development of China’s intelligent manufacturing is still in its infancy. Issues of the unbalanced and inadequate development of intelligent manufacturing remain prominent in China, which could pose great challenges to its future development. In the forthcoming era, China must focus on the comprehensive development of intelligent manufacturing in order to cultivate a manufacturing industry that is both large in scale and strong in its capabilities. The central technology theme is to promote parallel progress and integrated development of “digitalized manufacturing”, “digitalized and networked manufacturing”, and “digitalized, networked, and intelligent manufacturing.” It is essential to integrate digitalized, networked, and intelligent enabling technologies with advanced manufacturing technologies when adopting intelligent manufacturing. In the meantime, firms should search for comprehensive breakthroughs in products and process innovation as well as advances in business models and integrated manufacturing systems. Consequently, the development of intelligent manufacturing will facilitate the pioneering development and intelligent upgrading of manufacturing firms.
Special equipment are important for the economic and societal development of a country. Implementing intelligent manufacturing in the special equipment field could facilitate the transformation and upgrades of the special equipment manufacturing industry of China, and it is also an essential component for the China Manufacturing 2025 plan. In this article, we first analyze the characteristics and current status of special equipment in China and summarize the demand for intelligent manufacturing of special equipment. Then we propose some measures and development ideas for promoting the special equipment manufacturing industry from big to strong. We propose that the guiding ideology should be parallel development; the Industry 2.0, Industry 3.0, and Industry 4.0 should be promoted in parallel in the special equipment industry. The development of intelligent manufacturing of special equipment should focus on product traceability, intelligent quality management, and real-time monitoring of dynamic risks. Based on this, intelligent connection is introduced as a technology path for developing intelligent manufacturing of special equipment, and the concept of intelligent connection is further analyzed. Furthermore, the key tasks for future development are building an intelligent connection network of special equipment and developing intelligent applications.
Staple food is crucial to the national economy and people’s livelihood and it occupies a fundamental and framework status in people’s dietary patterns in China. Although the staple food manufacturing industry develops well in China and has an obvious trend of industrial agglomeration, the level of industrialization and standardized production of the industry needs further improvement. This study analyzes the strategic background and development status of the traditional staple food manufacturing industry in China and summarizes the challenges faced by the industry. Based on the national development strategy and long-term planning of the industry, we propose several suggestions, including breeding high-quality varieties that are suitable for traditional staple food processing; adjusting the product structure as well as promoting the transformation and upgrading of the traditional staple food manufacturing industry; developing whole grain foods and upgrading the traditional staple food processing toward healthy grain; strengthening the research and development of technologies and equipment as well as promoting the deep integration between the traditional staple food manufacturing industry and intelligent manufacturing; and improving the standardization system to promote the industry to be standardized and scientific.
Tourism development is one of the important channels to realize the economic transformation of closed coal mines. The suitability and modes of tourism development at mining sites of coal resource-based cities are determined by their tourism development potentials. How to measure the tourism development potentials of mine sites and identify their development types has become an urgent research topic in the field of tourism development. In this study, we established a model to measure the tourism development potentials of mine sites from three aspects: mine tourism resources, mine development conditions, and urban development environment; we also completed the empirical research on the tourism development potentials of mine sites in China’s coal resourcebased cities. The results show that mine sites in coal resource-based cities have distinctive tourism development potentials and the top ten cities with the most comprehensive potentials are: Xuzhou, Handan, Zaozhuang, Xingtai, Jiaozuo, Zhangjiakou, Datong, Huainan, Pingdingshan, and Fushun. The spatial pattern of development potentials presents the clustering feature as “two core regions and three centers.” Therefore, the coal resource-based cities should choose their development modes according to their different resource values, development potentials, and spatial patterns. Tourism development plans of mine sites shall be timely formulated and a new mechanism that is guided by government and cooperated by multiple parties should be established for the mine site tourism development, thus to develop the tourism functions of mine sites.