The types, current situation, main problems, and technological needs of deep-sea ecosystems are described in this paper. Compared with those of shallow-sea ecosystems, samples of deep-sea ecosystems are more difficult to get, accumulated data is less, and the research degree is relatively limited. Diverse species dwell in deep sea, for example, the tubeworms and extemothermophilic archaea around the deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the mussels and clams that live on those sulfate reducing bacteria in the cold spring zone, the diverse species in the seamounts, the cold-water coral that capture the planktons, and the specialized sailfish in abyss. Those ecosystems are quite different from others and have high values for study. Recently, the rapid development of the deep-sea monitoring equipment and other detection devices provides a golden opportunity for studying the deep-sea ecosystems. The researches of the biodiversity and ecological theory for deep-sea ecosystems are urgent and practical. Therefore, strategies for protecting the deepsea ecosystem are proposed, including: to build a database of the deep-sea biology; to balance the deep-sea mineral exploring and ecosystem protection; to develop the theory model for deep-sea ecosystem; and to accelerate the formulation of management strategies and legal instruments.
The Antarctic marine protected areas (MPAs) have developed rapidly in the past decade and are the focus of ocean governance in the Antarctic, attracting much attention. This paper introduces the establishment process and legal basis of the Antarctic MPAs, discusses the challenges in the development process, and raises some policy proposals. Some disagreement and controversy remain among the members of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in terms of legal regime, political issues, scientific basis, management, and monitoring, which are the major challenges in the development of Antarctic MPAs. In order to implement the important concept of “Marine Community of Shared Future” and fulfill the obligations as a member of CCAMLR, China should deeply participate in the affairs of the Antarctic MPAs, improve domestic legal regime on MPAs, and strengthen scientific research on marine ecology and environment of the Antarctica.
The necessity, current situation, main problems, and technological needs of the hydrogen fuel cell propulsion technology for ships are introduced in this paper. Compared with the advanced countries, China needs to formulate the strategy and target for the hydrogen fuel cell propulsion technology, increase research on relevant laws and regulations, strive for breakthroughs in key technologies for engineering of this technology, and enhance the construction of supporting infrastructures. Moreover, development ideas and suggestions are proposed for the development of the hydrogen fuel cell propulsion technology for ships in China, and its application prospect is also analyzed.
With the deep integration of information technology and the manufacturing industry, intelligent promotion and upgrading now becomes significant for boosting the competitiveness of China’s marine equipment industry and for ultimately developing China into a shipbuilding power. The current situation and intelligent development trend of the marine equipment industry in other countries are first summarized in this paper. Bottlenecks that restricts the intelligent development of China’s marine equipment is then analyzed. Furthermore, the general idea, implementing approach, and top-level framework are put forward for the intelligent development of China’s marine equipment. Moreover, suggestions are proposed for the development, including establishing a reasonable product structure based on demand, promoting the demonstrating and guiding role of major projects, and enhancing cooperation among different industries.
With the rapid development of emerging technologies, intelligent ship has gradually become a hot spot for development in the shipbuilding industry. In this study, we introduced the technical classification of intelligent ships, summarized the current development status of intelligent ship technology in China and abroad, studied the characteristics of its development abroad, and analyzed the existing problems in its development in China. Furthermore, we suggest that China should pay equal attention to R & D and application of the intelligent ship technology, promote its development step by step, strengthen cooperation among the industry, university, and research institute, establish a comprehensive service mode with ship–shore integration, and further strengthen the construction of talent teams.
This study combines the tidal current power generation system with seawater desalination and hydrogen production by concentrated seawater electrolysis, and proposes a comprehensive utilization mode of marine energy and seawater resources. Tidal turbines can provide sufficient power for islands or offshore facilities, while seawater desalination can supply adequate freshwater to islands. However, concentrated seawater, a byproduct of seawater desalination, is usually treated as waste and discharged back to the ocean. It thus becomes a pollution source and meanwhile causes a waste of chemical resources enriched in it, such as hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium. Therefore, this paper further studies the technologies for producing hydrogen and caustic soda by concentrated seawater electrolysis using the tidal current power generation system. By this means, marine energy resources are exploited for marine use, the seawater resource is properly recycled, and the establishment of offshore hydrogen supply stations may become possible.
This article has reviewed the current status of polar animal genetic resources and proposed the development strategies based on existing problems. Genome sequencing of polar animals started late, and the whole genome sequencing has been conducted so far on only 13 polar animals. Transcriptome sequencing has been carried out for 31 polar animals in recent years, and the transcriptome research has focused on adaption to polar environments, molecular mechanisms in response to pollutant stresses, transcriptome changes during various development stages or within different tissues, and exploitation of functional genes. The late initiation in the study of polar animal genetic resources limited its current depth and width in research. However, this study is strategically important. We suggest that China set up a key research and development program “exploration and application of biological gene resources in polar animals” to support the work in this field, and focus on genetic dissection of special traits, functional analysis of specific genes, and development of genetically engineered products.
Antarctic krill resources have great potentials for development and utilization. Actively participating in Antarctic krill fishery can effectively promote China’s pelagic fishery. Technologies for professional fishing and processing equipment are the basic characteristics and important guarantee of modern Antarctic krill fishery. This paper introduces the development and application status of advanced krill ship equipment in other countries. It also summarizes the progresses made by China in the research and development of equipment for Antarctic krill fishing as well as shrimp powder and oil manufacturing. Furthermore, it analyzes the gap and the underlying reason in professional equipment for Antarctic krill development between China and the world advanced level. Considering the low specialization, backward production technology, and lack of core technologies for fishery equipment of Antarctic krill boats in China, we propose some key research directions in the aspects of ecologically-friendly and efficient fishing, deep processing technology, and resource exploration and evaluation technology, and offer some countermeasures for the efficient development and comprehensive utilization of Antarctic krill.
Tropical biological coasts are ecologically critical areas with high concentration of biological activities, which is of special value to the biodiversity and resource productivity of coastal zone. The rapid environmental fluctuation and enhanced human activities in the Anthropocene have risked the ecological security and sustainable development of the coastal zone. This paper mainly focuses on the research progress and ecological risks of the biological coasts, and proposes some suggestions on their protection and management, including: reinforcing national strategic planning to save energy, reduce emissions, strictly control the exploitation, and give priority to protection, thereby maintaining and enhancing natural resilience; improving the monitoring network while conducting a comprehensive survey; promoting scientific management and establishing large offshore marine protected areas; and strengthening scientific research and personnel training. The national strategy of building a maritime power and the implementation of the island and reef engineering project in the South China Sea provide unprecedented opportunities for the study of coral reefs in China, with promising prospects.
To summarize the recent achievements and problems of remote sensing application in China’s coastal zones and islands, this study reviews a quantity of typical studies selected from the last decade in a space order of “offshore land area–intertidal zone–offshore waters–island”. Classical remote sensing in land cover change and coastline dynamics is still the research hotspots. With China’s rapid economic development and urbanization, coastal environmental problems become serious. Remote sensing is increasingly applied into research on land subsidence, seawater intrusion, intertidal ecosystem monitoring, mariculture, red tide, and island reef sovereign evidence, which strongly supports China’s ocean strategies. However, the acquirement of remote sensing data still depends largely on foreign satellites; the update frequency of the remote sensing data is low; and different disciplines in this field are often isolated. We propose to promote fusion of multisource data and different disciplines, and ultimately realize high-precision, automatic, and regular monitoring supported by cloud computing at both national and regional levels.
The co-construction of the “Polar Silk Road” is an important way for China to participate in the protection, exploitation, and governance of the Arctic, and scientific and technological innovation is an important support for promoting the co-construction. China has a certain foundation in scientific expedition, scientific research infrastructure construction, equipment research and manufacturing for the Arctic. However, there still exist some problems such as a weak overall planning mechanism, inadequate investment, lagging in platform construction. Based on the white paper titled China’s Arctic Policy and the relevant principles for the “Polar Silk Road”, China should vigorously promote scientific innovation and humanistic research related to the knowledge, protection, exploitation, and management of oceans in the Arctic; and make larger breakthroughs in marine observation, sea ice research, biological and ecological systems, pollution control, response to climate change, shipping technology, and oil and gas development technology. To promote the scientific and technological innovation for the “Polar Silk Road”, China should strengthen bilateral and multilateral cooperation, launch international scientific programs, establish public platforms, and strengthen talent exchange and training.
As an important development direction of naval warfare, the underwater attack-defense confrontation system integrates underwater warning, scout, detection, attack, defense and a series of other operations. Currently, although underwater offensive and defensive weapons have developed rapidly, research on the capacity building, combat styles, and development priorities of the confrontation system still lacks. This paper first summarizes the status quo of underwater confrontation system construction in some military powers, and analyzes the functional composition and typical combat styles of the future underwater attack-defense confrontation system. Furthermore, it systematically studies the development directions of the future confrontation system, and proposes corresponding suggestions for the development of the underwater attack-defense system and equipment, including improving integrated perception and navigation, developing unified command and control, and promoting military-civilian integration.
This study discusses marine rights protection from the perspective of game theory. It introduces the role of marine rights protection in handling marine disputes, as well as the nature, direction, and elements of the game in China’s marine rights protection. Currently, to minimize marine disputes through the game theory and pursue joint governance accord with China’s national interest. To this end, this study categorizes marine rights protection into three basic game processes, i.e., entry to disputed sea areas, cross-border operation by fishing boats, and non-cooperative fishing, and then conducts corresponding game analysis to determine the key directions for building the marine right protection force of China. It is concluded that improving technological means for marine rights protection can effectively change the game revenue and achieve a beneficial game equilibrium. In particular, the development of technologies for high-tech interference, underwater protection, marine wide-area surveillance, and remote sea fishery development can assist China to gain an advantageous position in repeated game processes.
Manned submersible is an important technical means and equipment for deep sea entry, exploration, development, and protection, which represents the development frontier of the submersible technology. In this paper, the development status of the equipment and technology of deep-sea manned submersibles abroad is briefly described, and the development and application of the same in China are then reviewed. The three milestones for the development of deep-sea manned submersible technology in China are mainly introduced. Based on the development experience of manned submersibles named “Jiaolong” and “Deep-sea Warrior”, the deep-sea manned submersible technology system is formed in China. In the range of 4500–7000 m deep-sea diving, China’s manned deep diving technology has been at the international forefront in general, and has independent intellectual property rights. The idea of genealogical development of manned deep diving technology towards the whole ocean depth and the whole sea area has become clear. In the next 15 years, China should focus on consolidating and improving the operation ability, actively expanding the application field, constantly improving the level of intelligence, lightweight, heavy load, and cluster coordination, and carefully building the industrial chain, thus to become a powerful country in manned deep diving technology.
The development of titanium alloy deep-diving equipment is first summarized, and the desired properties of titanium alloy materials are then analyzed considering the characteristics of the deep-sea service conditions. Technical challenges faced by the application of deep-diving equipment are also introduced, including stress corrosion, compressive creep, microstructure evolution, property attenuation, and dynamic response under impact loading. Finally, key technologies in engineering application are summarized, such as large-size materials, application evaluation, and efficient construction. To satisfy the urgent demand for titanium alloy equipment in the deep-diving field, we propose to further increase basic research and engineering application of titanium alloy materials, and promote innovative application.
The deep-sea information system can facilitate deep-sea equipment collaboration and plays a systematic role when being applied to deep-sea resource exploitation and research. This paper analyzes the demand for building a deep-sea information system to support the collaborative environment of equipment, and explores the elements, focus, major challenges, and key technologies of the deep-sea information system. To promote the development of the deep-sea information system, we propose strengthening top-level planning, focusing on key technologies, and conducting timely demonstration applications.
This study compares the artificial intelligence (AI) development strategies in healthcare in the US, Japan, UK, India, and China since 2015. Analysis shows that infrastructure investment and industrial layout are the core contents of these strategies. China’s strategy is well laid out and ranks only second to the US in several aspects. However, China still faces several critical challenges, including lack of holistic planning and development paths, unclear focuses for development, lack of effective engagement of health data infrastructure with AI application, unbalanced structure of interdisciplinary talents, and insufficient regulation policies for AI application. To promote AI application in healthcare in China, we should clarify the strategic value of AI for healthcare advancement, focus on major health needs, prioritize the construction of data infrastructure and platforms, establish interdisciplinary research institutes to innovate AI application, and promote scientific researches on regulatory mechanisms.
The cyberspace has expanded from traditional internet to ubiquitous cyberspace which interconnects human, machines, things, services, and applications. The computing paradigm is also shifting from centralized computing in the cloud to combined computing in the front end, middle layer, and cloud. Therefore, traditional computing paradigms such as cloud computing and edge computing can no longer satisfy the evolving computing needs of big data in ubiquitous cyberspace. This paper presents a computing architecture named Fogcloud Computing for big data in ubiquitous cyberspace. Collaborative computing by multiple knowledge actors in the fog, middle layer, and cloud is realized based on the collaborative computing language and models, thereby providing a solution for big data computing in ubiquitous cyberspace.
The popularity of educational informatization and the emergence of smart learning spaces have significantly increased students’ demand for personalized, convenient, and diversified learning content. The fifth generation mobile communication (5G) technology, with its characteristics of large bandwidth, ultra-high reliability, ultra-low time delay, large-scale connection of things, is becoming an enabling technology for perfecting the education network and even realizing education modernization. This paper focuses on the application of 5G technology in education informatization. After the analysis of major characteristics of education informatization, this paper analyzes the technical challenges faced by the education network of China, and demonstrates corresponding 5G application scenarios from the aspects of teaching, teaching research, and education management, thereby forming an overall view of education informatization based on 5G technology. By 2035, the 5G technology will be further promoted, which will constantly enrich the connotation and promote the reform of education scenes; and thus it will become the driving force for the innovation in China’s education informatization.
Equipment accidents occured frequently in refinery enterprises in China, which brings great challenges on the intrinsic safety and reliability of the equipment. Equipment reliability design/manufacturing, risk management, and monitoring and control intelligentization have become urgent engineering requirements. This study reveals the connotation of intrinsic safety & reliability and supervision intelligentization of equipment, and clarifies the development trends of reliability design/manufacturing, risk management, and monitoring and control intelligentization technologies. It also proposed corresponding countermeasures for improving the intrinsic safety and reliability and realizing supervision intelligentization of the equipment. These measures were applied to the transformation of the main fan of a catalytic unit. Results show that this type of equipment transformation is conductive to the safe operation of equipment.