In this paper, to better satisfy the future demands for deep-water marine bridge engineering, we analyzed the research status of marine bridge engineering in China, and proposed that strong wind wave, strong corrosion, super water depth, and super large span are the major technical challenges faced by the marine bridge engineering. High attention should be paid to theoretical research on environmental effects and their combinations, structure durability, fatigue resistance, and life-time design; and major efforts should be made to overcome key technical challenges such as super-long span bridge schemes, ultra-deep-water infrastructure forms, and new structural forms capable of rapid construction. We proposed to establish a national marine bridge engineering technology research center, strengthen the investment in science and technology hardware, cultivate innovative talents, and improve the science and technology reward mechanism.
With the development of global economic integration, marine bridges have become an important infrastructure for many countries, and will contribute to the rapid development of marine economy. Given that structural types and construction equipment for current bridges can hardly satisfy the requirements for deep-sea bridges, in-depth strategic research on construction technology and equipment for marine bridges shall be conducted. In the aspect of deep-water foundations, research directions of large size, assembly, and intellectualization are proposed for open caisson foundations, assembly foundations, and large-diameter steel pile foundations. As for superstructures of cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges, the focus of research should be large-segment manufacturing and transportation, automatic alignment for installation, and structural wind-resistance measures for main towers, main girders, and stay cables. In terms of smart construction, comprehensive applied research should be conducted combining an information platform and visualization equipment.
Compared with that of the offshore and inland long-span bridges, the wind field of marine bridges will be more complicated, and their wind resistance safety will inevitably become tougher. This paper first analyzes the status quo of wind-resistance research of long-span bridges, and then focuses on the difficulties and technical problems regarding four aspects: wind field characteristics, wind-resistant design theories, countermeasures for wind-induced vibration, and windbreak technologies for driving safety. Based on these analyses, countermeasures for guaranteeing wind resistance safety of marine bridges are proposed.
With marine bridges extending to the deep sea, wave current force action and scouring on bridge foundations have become the main factors threatening bridge safety. To ensure the design rationality as well as construction and operation safety of bridges, this paper sorts out the major problems faced by marine bridges in terms of wave force action and foundation scour, and proposes that marine bridges should be developed in high-precision prediction method, environmental prediction and pre-warning systems, research on multi-factor coupling effect of environment, scour numerical simulation technology, and wave current force calculation method. Furthermore, countermeasures are proposed from the aspects of macroscopic management, industrial application, and academic technology.
Marine bridge engineering in China is continuously developing to the offshore, deep-sea, long-distance, and large-scale directions. However, due to its harsh natural environment and complex geological and loading conditions, there still exist many problems in health monitoring, measurement technology, inspection technology, and maintenance-management for the lifecycle of marine bridge engineering. Therefore, after summarizing the existing problems in lifecycle management and maintenance of bridges, this paper proposes several key technologies for marine bridge development, including health monitoring based on multi-parameter, high-reliability, large-capacity, and long-distance optical-fiber sensing; space–air–ground–sea integrated measurement; automated inspection; and intelligent management and maintenance platforms. Meanwhile, this paper studies the difficulties and development directions of these technologies, and explores development strategies and recommendations for the lifecycle management and maintenance technology of marine bridge engineering, thereby providing technical support for the construction and operation safety of marine bridge engineering.
This paper focuses on the requirements of marine long-span bridges for durability and light-weight. It summarizes the research status and development tendency of high-performance steel, high-performance concrete, and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), after a thorough investigation on light-weight, high-strength, and durable materials. The application technologies of the aforementioned materials to key zones of bridges are introduced, and the strategic recommendations for the development of light-weight, highstrength, and durable structural materials in marine bridge engineering are proposed. The research results contribute to satisfying the requirements of marine bridge engineering for high performance, long life, and light weight, and overcoming the challenges in durability and span of long-span bridges in marine environment.
This paper summarizes the current situation and development trends of the automobile industry in China, and then proposes the connotation of transformation and upgrading of the automobile industry in China from the aspects of new material, new structure, new technique, new equipment, new energy, new function, and new mode. It also analyzes and compares four new paths for the current transformation and upgrading practices, including independent technological innovation, cross-sector cooperative development, policy resource support, and business mode innovation. Finally, corresponding development proposals are put forward.
An all-climate new energy vehicle can adapt to various climatic conditions including high temperature, high humidity, and extreme cold. Currently, mature heat insulation and protective technologies have been developed to cope with high-temperature and high-humidity environments. However, at temperatures below −30 ℃, new energy vehicles are unable to start and hard to charge, and their driving range drops markedly. These problems restrict the all-climate application of new energy vehicles. In this paper, the power battery self-heating, integrated heat pump air-conditioning, and new whole-vehicle thermal insulation technologies are investigated. Integrated vehicle development and extremely cold environment tests have been conducted. The technology development trends of all-climate new energy vehicles are also analyzed. The research achievement described in this paper will be applied to the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games, thus promoting the all-climate application of new energy vehicles in China and even in the world.
This study investigates key technologies and development trends for the motor drive system of new energy vehicles, including power semiconductor devices and their packaging, smart gate drivers, and the device-based system integration design, for the drive controllers; it also explores new motor technologies related to the hair-pin winding, multiphase permanent motor, and permanent magnet synchronous reluctance motor. The study emphatically presents the development trends of the motor drive technologies for vehicles, and points out that permanent magnet synchronous motors will remain the main-stream drive motors in the new energy vehicle market within the next 10 years. Meanwhile, this study reveals several key issues existing in drive motor development, which could offer a reference for the technology development of new energy vehicles in China.
The rapid development of new energy vehicles such as electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles has initiate the age of automobile power revolution. The internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) manufacturing industry and the fuel production industry actively respond to the automobile power revolution by satisfying the latest requirement for emissions, upgrading the quality of oil products, and advancing the development of internal combustion engine technology. Although new energy vehicles have some advantages, they can not comprehensively replace the ICEVs in a short term. Gasoline electric hybrid vehicles with high-efficiency internal combustion engines will significantly reduce pollutant and carbon emissions, which are in line with China’s national conditions. By 2050, ICEVs, gasoline electric hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and pure electric vehicles will coexist based on their respective technological advantages. However, the ICEVs will still predominate in the automobile market by then, and the dependence of automobile power on liquid fuels will exceed 60%. Therefore, the petroleum refining and automobile manufacturing industries should develop coordinately by studying the combustion mechanism from a molecular perspective in the internal combustion engines; exploring the relationship between fuel composition, distillation range, and particulate matter emissions, and developing simplified models; developing and promoting high-quality fuels and high-grade lubricants to adapt to the low-carbon and emission reduction requirements in the era of automotive power diversification.
New energy vehicles provide an important opportunity for the transformation and upgrading as well as high-quality development of China’s automobile industry. Based on the innovative thinking that should be maintained in the development of new energy vehicles, this paper analyzes the three elements required for innovation, i.e., ideas, talents, and atmosphere; it also presents the thinking methods required for innovation, i.e., prospective thinking, differential thinking, global thinking, and circular thinking. On this basis, it is proposed that the development of new energy vehicles should be promoted by innovation, policies, and the market; good products, infrastructure, and business models are crucial for the development; and the transport, energy, information, and cultural networks should be integrated. It is hoped that this study can provide strategic references for the development of new energy vehicles in China.
Hydrogen energy is recognized as an important fundamental element to construct an integrated energy supply system dominated by clean energies. Hydrogen development and utilization have become a significant energy development direction for China. However, the inadequate development of hydrogen infrastructures is one of the main reasons hampering the large-scale application and promotion of hydrogen energy in China. This study deeply analyzed the current situation and trend of China’s hydrogen infrastructures (focusing on hydrogen refueling stations), and discussed about the difficulties and challenges in developing the hydrogen infrastructure industry in China. Referring to the advanced experiences of several developed countries, we proposed an overall development goal and route for China’s hydrogen infrastructures, and put forward some reasonable suggestions on system safeguard and related policies. The study results would provide a useful reference for the formulation of China’s guidance policies on hydrogen development.
As a type of new energy vehicle, fuel cell vehicle has attracted increasing attention because of its long driving distance, high power performance, fast fuel filling, and compatibility with renewable energies. Fuel cell stack is the core of a fuel cell vehicle, and specific power indicates the technical level of a fuel cell stack. Using a high-specific-power fuel cell stack technology, the number of stack hardware can be reduced, so the cost of stacks can be significantly lowered. The most advanced fuel cell stack can provide high power in a limited vehicular space owing to its high specific power. However, the specific power of stacks in China still lags behind the advanced level in the world. In this paper, the technical approaches to improving the specific power of the fuel cell stack are discussed, from the aspects of highly active catalyst, enhanced composite proton exchange membrane, high disturbance flow field, conductive and corrosion-resistant thin-metal bipolar plates, as well as assembly and consistency of stacks. Based on the accumulation of theories and from practices, the relevance between the activation/ohmic/mass transfer polarization of fuel cells and materials/components/assembly is analyzed, which provides a reference for further improving the performance and specific power of fuel cell stacks.
As a key infrastructure to realize autonomous driving, autonomous driving map is crucial to the commercial development of the autonomous driving field in China. Currently, constrained by laws and regulations related to ground mapping, map application, and supervision, the commercialization of autonomous driving maps in China is lagging behind. This paper focuses on the main policy and regulatory issues faced in the development, application, and management of autonomous driving maps in China, i.e., encryption of autonomous driving maps, limitations on geographic information expression, qualifications for geographic information collection and the process for map review, accident liability and insurance issues, as well as autonomous driving map related test specifications and test scenario issues. Meanwhile, combining the development trends of domestic and international autonomous driving fields, this paper proposes four suggestions for accelerating the development and commercialization of autonomous driving vehicles in China: formulating an autonomous driving map management mode, allowing pilot application and orderly opening of autonomous driving maps, appropriately opening up corporate authorization and optimizing the review process, as well as establishing a national-level autonomous driving map platform.
Automobile industry has accumulated numerous worldwide-accepted laws since its emergence over 130 years ago. China’s automobile industry is currently facing a strategic opportunity for industrial transformation and upgrading, so it is necessary to strengthen the research on the laws of development for the automobile industry, thus to avoid any impulsive actions. In this paper, nine laws of development are summarized from the aspects of technology, market, and talent, including the complementary relationship between transformation and upgrading, the characteristics of the capital-, technology-, and labor-intensive industry, the inevitable requirements of innovation and collaboration, etc., thus to guide and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the automobile industry in China.
Automobile safety is an important factor affecting public transport safety, and the anthropomorphic test device (ATD) is the core technology to ensure vehicle safety. However, the design of existing ATDs cannot be used for properly evaluating the safety of vehicles for Chinese passengers, and China do not possess the core technologies of the ATD. These are the major problems restricting further development of automobile safety technologies in China. In this paper, through research on the development trend and key technologies of the ATD in China and worldwide, and by considering China’s technical status, a development path for the ATD with Chinese physical signs is proposed, thus to further improve the standards system for automobile safety in China. The development of ATDs in China will promote its high-end equipment manufacturing industry and standards innovation. It also has practical significance and long-term strategic values for building China to be an innovative country and enhancing its international competitiveness.
A new round of technological and industrial changes has accelerated technological integration. Intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) have provided consumers with convenient use, rich application contents, and a safe driving environment. Meanwhile, multiple risks are also brought to information security by intelligentization and networking. In recent years, hacker attacks frequently occur, and information security not only affects driving safety and user data safety, but also threatens national security when being damaged. So, information security issues have attracted great attention from governments all over the world. Major developed countries and regions, such as the United States, Europe, and Japan, are taking active actions to safeguard information security. In this context, China should promote the development and management of the information security of the ICVs, take active measures, make rational planning, and make every effort to ensure the information security of ICVs, thus to promote the steady development of the ICVs.
This paper first analyzes the development environment, trends, and opportunities for shared mobility, and elaborates the symbiotic relationship between shared mobility and smart city. The typical development mode and practical experiences of shared mobility in China are summarized and analyzed. Then, new concepts for shared mobility development are expounded from three dimensions of new technology, new demand, and new model. On this basis, five typical paths for the innovative development of shared mobility in China are summarized and proposed. Finally, the concept of shared mobility ecology in future smart cities in China is conceived.
This paper introduces the four stages of independent innovation in Weichai’s 20 years of development. Combined with the research and development of core technologies for the commercial vehicle powertrain system, this paper expounds the understandings of and typical experiences in the innovative development of commercial vehicle powertrain system. It also provides an outlook for the future development of commercial vehicles from the aspects of high-efficiency low-emission internal combustion engines, new energy application, and intelligent network technology, and shares the future planning and practices of Weichai in the traditional energy and new energy business area.
General aviation involves a diverse range of business and has attracted wide attention in recent years. The number and scale of general aviation enterprises have increased rapidly. To maintain sustainable development and create higher social and market values, it is very important to choose an appropriate operation mode for the general aviation enterprises. In this paper, an in-depth study on the operation mode of general aviation companies in China and related enterprises is conducted by drawing lessons from the experience of developed countries and combining with the actual needs of China’s general aviation enterprises. Meanwhile, taking Liaoning Ruixiang General Aviation Co., Ltd. as an example, this paper systematically analyzes the internal advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and external threats of the company by using a PEST-SWOT method and combining theory with practice. It also puts forward corresponding development strategies.